ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Utility of the Recombinase Driver CX3CR1-ERT2 Rat Strain in Nicotine Self-Administration.Cells · 2026Article
- Microglia-Astrocyte Cooperation and Peripheral T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease: State-of-the-Art and Treatment Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Curing the brain: in search for new astrocyte-specific therapies.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Organoid-microglia system for modeling the immune microenvironment of the brain and retina.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Astrocyte Ezrin defines resilience to stress-induced depressive behaviours in mice.National science review · 2026Article
- Chronic Stress and Astrocyte Dysfunction in Depression: Molecular Mechanisms and Gene Expression Changes.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Transcription Factor-Based Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Overcoming the Traps of Random Neuronal Fate.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- When the Stars Misfire: Astrocytic Dysfunctions in Major Depressive Disorder.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Review
- Evolution of Oligodendroglia and Myelin.Advances in neurobiology · 2025Review
- Nicotine is an Immunosuppressant: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Review
- Alzheimer's Disease, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on Common Neuroglial Dysfunctions (Critical Review and New Data on Human Brain and Models).Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Bioelectronic Medicine: a multidisciplinary roadmap from biophysics to precision therapies.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2024Review
- The Missing Piece? A Case for Microglia's Prominent Role in the Therapeutic Action of Anesthetics, Ketamine, and Psychedelics.Neurochemical research · 2023Review
- Molecular Landscape of Tourette's Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Microglial Activation and Priming in Alzheimer's Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Bibliometric and visual analysis of microglia-related neuropathic pain from 2000 to 2021.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- New Insights into Microglial Mechanisms of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease.Biomolecules · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglial cell processes form part of a subset of synaptic contacts that have been dubbed microglial tetra-partite or quad-partite synapses. Since tetrapartite may also refer to the presence of extracellular matrix components, we propose the more precise term microglial penta-partite synapse for synapses that show a microglial cell process in close physical proximity to neuronal and astrocytic synaptic constituents. Microglial cells are now recognised as key players in central nervous system (CNS) synaptic changes. When synaptic plasticity involving microglial penta-partite synapses occurs, microglia may utilise their cytokine arsenal to facilitate the generation of new synapses, eliminate those that are not needed anymore, or modify the molecular and structural properties of the remaining synaptic contacts. In addition, microglia-synapse contacts may develop de novo under pathological conditions. Microglial penta-partite synapses have received comparatively little attention as unique sites in the CNS where microglial cells, cytokines and other factors they release have a direct influence on the connections between neurons and their function. It concerns our understanding of the penta-partite synapse where the confusion created by the term "neuroinflammation" is most counterproductive. The mere presence of activated microglia or the release of their cytokines may occur independent of inflammation, and penta-partite synapses are not usually active in a neuroimmunological sense. Clarification of these details is the main purpose of this review, specifically highlighting the relationship between microglia, synapses, and the cytokines that can be released by microglial cells in health and disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.