ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Antibiotics and the Nervous System-Which Face of Antibiotic Therapy Is Real, Dr. Jekyll (Neurotoxicity) or Mr. Hyde (Neuroprotection)?
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Review of the Association between Infections, Seizures, and Drugs.Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- A Comprehensive Study of a New Norfloxacin-Niflumate Hydrate: Structural and Physicochemical Properties, Antibiotic Potency, Anti-Inflammatory Effect, and Drug Safety.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antibiotics and the Endocrine System: Mechanisms, Adverse Effects, and Clinical Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- E. Coli Nissle 1917 Attenuates Antibiotic Mediated Neurotoxicity Possibly Through Gut-Brain Axis in Zebrafish.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Antibiotic treatment reveals the contributions of the gut microbiome to CLN2 disease in the central and enteric nervous system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics of the developing mouse brain immune landscape reveals effects of maternal immune activation and microbiome depletion.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- From dysbiosis to dysfunction: specific gut microbes and metabolites in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Sustainable microbiology · 2026Review
- Antibiotic therapy as a risk factor for chronic residual and phantom limb pain after combat-related amputation: a 212-patient cohort study.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Enteric nervous system in microbiota-associated gut inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Effect of Antibiotics on the Nervous System: Importance for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Direct Interaction of Minocycline to p47phox Contributes to its Attenuation of TNF-α-Mediated Neuronal PC12 Cell Death: Experimental and Simulation Validation.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Article
- Antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity: epidemiology, mechanisms and management strategies - a narrative literature review.Drugs in context · 2024Review
- Review
- Letter to the Editor: Frequency of Visual Aura in Non-Migraine Headache Strongly Depends on the Underlying Pathophysiology.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Bidirectional Interaction between Tetracyclines and Gut Microbiome.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Photocatalytic and Photothermal Antimicrobial Mussel-Inspired Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cefepime Population Pharmacokinetics, Antibacterial Target Attainment, and Estimated Probability of Neurotoxicity in Critically Ill Patients.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Review
- New findings about comparing the effects of antibiotic therapy and phage therapy on memory and hippocampal pyramidal cells in rats.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2023Article
- Neurodegeneration, Mitochondria, and Antibiotics.Metabolites · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotics as antibacterial drugs have saved many lives, but have also become a victim of their own success. Their widespread abuse reduces their anti-infective effectiveness and causes the development of bacterial resistance. Moreover, irrational antibiotic therapy contributes to gastrointestinal dysbiosis, that increases the risk of the development of many diseases, including neurological and psychiatric. One of the potential options for restoring homeostasis is the use of oral antibiotics that are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., rifaximin alfa). Thus, antibiotic therapy may exert neurological or psychiatric adverse drug reactions which are often considered to be overlooked and undervalued issues. Drug-induced neurotoxicity is mostly observed after beta-lactams and quinolones. Penicillin may produce a wide range of neurological dysfunctions, including encephalopathy, behavioral changes, myoclonus or seizures. Their pathomechanism results from the disturbances of gamma-aminobutyric acid-GABA transmission (due to the molecular similarities between the structure of the β-lactam ring and GABA molecule) and impairment of the functioning of benzodiazepine receptors (BZD). However, on the other hand, antibiotics have also been studied for their neuroprotective properties in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory processes (e.g., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases). Antibiotics may, therefore, become promising elements of multi-targeted therapy for these entities.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.