ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Factors Associated with Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure in Polish Regions.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- How cesarean section rates can be reduced through an effective financial strategy: A protocol for systematic review.Medicine · 2025Article
- Assessing Household Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Non-communicable Diseases in a 4Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Economic burden of suicide deaths in India (2019): a retrospective, cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are perceived as the most regressive means of health financing. Using the panel-data approach and region-aggregated data from Statistics Poland, this research investigated associations between socio-economic factors and OOP health spending in 16 Polish regions for the period 1999-2019. The dependent variable was real (inflation-adjusted) monthly OOP health expenditure per person in Polish households. Potential independent variables included economic, labour, demographic, educational, health, environmental, and lifestyle measures based on previous research. A set of panel-data estimators was used in regression models. The factors that were positively associated with OOP health spending were disposable income, the proportions of children (aged 0-9) and elderly (70+ years) in the population, healthcare supply (proxied by physicians' density), air pollution, and tobacco and alcohol expenditure. On the other hand, the increased unemployment rate, life expectancy at age 65, mortality rate, and higher sports participation were all related to lower OOP health spending. The results may guide national strategies to improve health-care allocations and offer additional financial protection for vulnerable groups, such as households with children and elderly members.
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