ArticleCancers2021
Differential Expression of Polyamine Pathways in Human Pancreatic Tumor Progression and Effects of Polyamine Blockade on Tumor Microenvironment.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Salivary metabolites for pancreatic cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- MYCN-driven metabolic remodelling of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma: implications for stromal biology and CAF heterogeneity.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Tumor-Derived Polyamines Initiate Fat Wasting in Cancer Cachexia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Spermine synthase in Snyder-Robinson syndrome and cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Dissecting lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network in type 2 diabetes as the risk factor of pancreatic cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spermine synthase engages in macrophages M2 polarization to sabotage antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Article
- Identification of Metabolic Characteristic-Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Associations Using Mendelian Randomization and Metabolomics.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Article
- Polyamine metabolism related gene index prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy response in breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluating Metabolite-Based Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review.Metabolites · 2023Review
- A back-door insight into the modulation of Src kinase activity by the polyamine spermidine.eLife · 2023Article
- Polyamine metabolism patterns characterized tumor microenvironment, prognosis, and response to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.Cancer cell international · 2023Article
- A metabolic vulnerability of pancreatic cancer.Nature · 2023Article
- Pancreatic Cancer Research beyond DNA Mutations.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Polyamine Depletion Strategies in Cancer: Remodeling the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Enhance Anti-Tumor Responses.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Salivary Metabolomics for Oral Cancer Detection: A Narrative Review.Metabolites · 2022Review
- Article
- Development of a polyamine gene expression score for predicting prognosis and treatment response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- METTL3-IGF2BP3-axis mediates the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer by regulating spermine synthase m6A modification.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Existing therapies only moderately improve pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient prognosis. The present study investigates the importance of the polyamine metabolism in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Relative mRNA expression analysis identified differential expression of polyamine biosynthesis, homeostasis, and transport mediators in both pancreatic epithelial and stromal cells from low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN-1) or primary PDAC patient samples. We found dysregulated mRNA levels that encode for proteins associated with the polyamine pathway of PDAC tumors compared to early lesions. Next, bioinformatic databases were used to assess expression of select genes involved in polyamine metabolism and their impact on patient survival. Higher expression of pro-polyamine genes was associated with poor patient prognosis, supporting the use of a polyamine blockade therapy (PBT) strategy for inhibiting pancreatic tumor progression. Moreover, PBT treatment of syngeneic mice injected intra-pancreatic with PAN 02 tumor cells resulted in increased survival and decreased tumor weights of PDAC-bearing mice. Histological assessment of PBT-treated tumors revealed macrophage presence and significantly increased expression of CD86, a T cell co-stimulatory marker. Collectively, therapies which target polyamine metabolism can be used to disrupt tumor progression, modulate tumor microenvironment, and extend overall survival.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.