ArticleCancers2021
Immune Milieu and Genomic Alterations Set the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Immunomodulatory Subtype Tumor Behavior.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 14 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Molecular Classification in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Toward Subtype-Guided Precision Oncology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Decoding molecular signatures and identifying therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer subtypes using omics and network analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dissecting the Non-Immune Tumor Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtype-Specific Patterns and Prognostic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dual-Target Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Potential.Cancers · 2025Review
- NY-ESO-1 facilitates anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis by hijacking deubiquitinase OTUB1 to stabilize PP1α.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Under Radiation Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Unveiling Novel miRNA-mRNA Interactions and Their Prognostic Roles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Insights into miR-210, miR-183, miR-21, and miR-181b.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Characterization of Cuproptosis-Related LncRNAs Prognostic Signature and Identification of LINC02285 as a Novel Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtype-Specific Immune Landscapes with Therapeutic Implications.Cancers · 2024Review
- Updates on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: From Risk Factors to Diagnosis, Biomarkers and Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Regulation of Inflammasome by microRNAs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: New Opportunities for Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Characterization of triple negative breast cancer gene expression profiles in Mexican patients.Molecular and clinical oncology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease. Seven subtypes have been described based on gene expression patterns. Herein, we characterized the tumor biology and clinical behavior of the immunomodulatory (IM) subtype.
methodsFormalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 68 high-risk (stage III-IV) TNBC patients were analyzed through microarrays, immunohistochemistry, and DNA sequencing.
resultsThe IM subtype was identified in 24% of TNBC tumor samples and characterized by a higher intratumoral (intT) and stromal (strml) infiltration of FOXP3+ TILs (Treg) compared with non-IM subtypes. Further, PD-L1+ (>1%) expression was significantly higher, as well as CTLA-4+ intT and strml expression in the IM subtype. Differential expression and gene set enrichment analysis identified biological processes associated with the immune system. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of the β-catenin signaling pathway. The non-coding analysis led to seven Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNAs (lincRNAs) (6 up-regulated and 1 down-regulated) that were associated with a favorable prognosis in the TNBC-IM subtype. The DNA sequencing highlighted two genes relevant to immune system responses:
conclusionthe IM subtype showed a distinct immune microenvironment, as well as subtype-specific genomic alterations. Characterizing TNBC at a molecular and transcriptomic level might guide immune-based therapy in this subgroup of patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.