ArticleCancers2021
Sustained Accumulation of Blood-Derived Macrophages in the Immune Microenvironment of Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma after Therapy.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The Hallmarks of Glioblastoma: Functional Interplay Between Long Non-Coding RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins.Cells · 2026Review
- Inflammasomes in glioblastoma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Microglia and brain macrophages are differentially associated with tumor necrosis in glioblastoma: A link to tumor progression.Oncology research · 2025Article
- ZnPPIX-Loaded Nanoemulsions Reprogram Immunosuppressive Macrophages in Vitro: A Potential Strategy for Glioblastoma Microenvironment Modulation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Effective Antiviral Therapy Improves Immunosuppressive Activities in the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Alleviating Inflammation and Fibrosis.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Unveiling the Inflammatory Landscape of Recurrent Glioblastoma through Histological-Based Assessments.Cancers · 2024Review
- The interplay between metal ions and immune cells in glioma: pathways to immune escape.Discover oncology · 2024Review
- An Update on the Clinical Status, Challenges, and Future Directions of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Malignant Gliomas.Current treatment options in oncology · 2024Review
- Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Macrophage barrier in the tumor microenvironment and potential clinical applications.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- The need for paradigm shift: prognostic significance and implications of standard therapy-related systemic immunosuppression in glioblastoma for immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Expression and Clinical Significance of Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Glioma.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Systemic and local immunosuppression in glioblastoma and its prognostic significance.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Review
- Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment.Neurology international · 2023Review
- The immune cell landscape of glioblastoma patients highlights a myeloid-enriched and immune suppressed microenvironment compared to metastatic brain tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Tumor-secreted lactate contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment and affects CD8 T-cell infiltration in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Emerging Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma.Cancers · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The cell composition of the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment depends on the recruitment of myeloid cells from the blood, promoting tumor progression by inducing immunosuppression. This phenomenon hampers immunotherapies and investigating its complexity may help to tailor new treatments. Peripheral blood and tissue specimens from the central and marginal tumor areas were collected from 44 primary and 19 recurrent GBM patients. Myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets and the levels of immunosuppressive markers were defined by multiparametric flow cytometry. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the differences in the immune infiltrate and to analyze the cell spatial distribution. Relapsing GBM showed an increased presence of blood-derived macrophages in both tumor areas and a higher frequency of infiltrating lymphocytes, with a high level of exhaustion markers. The expansion of some myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) subsets in the blood was found in both primary and recurrent GBM patients. A significant inverse correlation between infiltrating T cells and an MDSC subset was also found. In patients with recurrent GBM after standard first-line therapy, the immune-hostile tumor microenvironment and the levels of some MDSC subsets in the blood persisted. Analysis of the immune landscape in GBM relapses aids in the definition of more appropriate stratification and treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.