ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Treating Bacterial Infections with Bacteriophage-Based Enzybiotics: In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Application.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy of phage therapy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs): a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Characterization, genomic insights and anti-biofilm potential of phage vB_PaeM_PKMS3, a lytic Pbunavirus capable of infecting clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- High-resolution phage-host assignment through key proteins using large language models.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Beyond new pills: integrative strategies to overcome multidrug-resistant bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- In silico exploration of the genomic repertoire of Iranian aquatic bacteria: Prophage carriage, bioactive compound potential, CRISPR-Cas immunity, and integrated defensive-metabolic islands.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Computational insights into the natural phage endolysin linker landscape.BioData mining · 2026Article
- Enzymes-enhanced antibiotic therapy reduces biofilms to undetectable levels in an implant-associated infection model.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- PhaLP 2.0: extending the community-oriented phage lysin database with a SUBLYME pipeline for metagenomic discovery.Database : the journal of biological databases and curation · 2026Article
- Broth Optical Density-Based Assessment for Phage Therapy: Turbidity Reduction, Antibacterial Virulence, and Time-Kill.Viruses · 2026Review
- Phage enabled precision drug delivery: dual function platforms for therapeutics and genetic cargo transport.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Avian PathogenicVeterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Wound-Healing Potential of Engineered Lysin GRC-ML07 inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mastitis in goat: A review of etiology, epidemiology, economic impact, and public health concerns.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Dual-Receptor Recognition, Lysis Inhibition, Endolysin Release, and Reaction-Diffusion as Alternative Explanations. Comment on Rojero et al. Bypassing Evolution of Bacterial Resistance to Phages: The Example of Hyper-Aggressive Phage 0524phi7-1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Two unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages require the exopolysaccharide Psl for infection.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- PlyNJ3: a three-domain endolysin with broad-spectrum anti-streptococcal activity and synergistic efficacy against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus suis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Phage and enzyme therapies in wound infections: From lab to bedside.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- Review
- Wearing bacteriophages individually with an adhesive drug-loadable nanohelmet for treating ocular infections.Science advances · 2025Article
- The Ability of Bacteriophages to Reduce Biofilms Produced byAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have witnessed a surge around the world in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This global health threat arose mainly due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as a relative lack of new drug classes in development pipelines. Innovative antibacterial therapeutics and strategies are, therefore, in grave need. For the last twenty years, antimicrobial enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, viruses that can lyse and kill bacteria, have gained tremendous interest. There are two classes of these phage-derived enzymes, referred to also as enzybiotics: peptidoglycan hydrolases (lysins), which degrade the bacterial peptidoglycan layer, and polysaccharide depolymerases, which target extracellular or surface polysaccharides, i.e., bacterial capsules, slime layers, biofilm matrix, or lipopolysaccharides. Their features include distinctive modes of action, high efficiency, pathogen specificity, diversity in structure and activity, low possibility of bacterial resistance development, and no observed cross-resistance with currently used antibiotics. Additionally, and unlike antibiotics, enzybiotics can target metabolically inactive persister cells. These phage-derived enzymes have been tested in various animal models to combat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and in recent years peptidoglycan hydrolases have entered clinical trials. Here, we review the testing and clinical use of these enzymes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.