ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Assessing the Impact of Heat Treatment of Food on Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Their Potential Uptake by Other Bacteria-A Critical Review.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond Co-Occurrence: A Framework for Interpreting Antibiotic-ARG Decoupling in Aquatic Systems and Its Implications for Aquatic Animal Health in a Changing World.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Phenotypic and PCR-based analysis of antimicrobial resistance in heat-treated multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from raw chicken meat.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Article
- Metagenomic analysis of UK retail foods finds limited evidence for associations between food production method and antimicrobial resistance gene burden.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Transmission and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animals, Food, Humans and the Environment.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Stewarding the hospital sink drain: a narrative review of practical approaches for controlling gram negative pathogens in low- and middle-income countries.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Review
- PCPDTBT Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Photothermal Inactivation of Multidrug-ResistantACS omega · 2025Article
- The Piggy Solution: Harnessing Food Waste for Sustainable Hog Farming.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Review
- Microbiome, resistome, and potential transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese wet market under One Health sectors.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Variation and prognostic potential of the gut antibiotic resistome in the FINRISK 2002 cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Risk Factors Associated with the Carriage to Critical Antimicrobial-ResistantAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial resistance reservoirs in salmon and broiler processing environments, sidestreams, and waste discharges.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Differently Processed Smoothies and Fresh Produce from Austria.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Synergistic Strategies of Heat and Peroxyacetic Acid Disinfection Treatments forPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evaluating the effect of food components on the digestion of dietary nucleic acids in human gastric juice in vitro.Food science & nutrition · 2023Article
- Associations between Nutrigenomic Effects and Incidences of Microbial Resistance against Novel Antibiotics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Trend of Antimicrobial Use in Food-Producing Animals from 2018 to 2020 in Nepal.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Nanostructured Antibiotics and Their Emerging Medicinal Applications: An Overview of Nanoantibiotics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a global health concern. This study identifies and critically reviews the published evidence on whether cooking (heating) food to eliminate bacterial contamination induces sufficient damage to the functionality of ARGs. Overall, the review found that there is evidence in the literature that Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) bacteria are no more heat resistant than non-AMR bacteria. Consequently, recommended heat treatments sufficient to kill non-AMR bacteria in food (70 °C for at least 2 min, or equivalent) should be equally effective in killing AMR bacteria. The literature shows there are several mechanisms through which functional genes from AMR bacteria could theoretically persist in heat-treated food and be transferred to other bacteria. The literature search found sparce published evidence on whether ARGs may actually persist in food after effective heat treatments, and whether functional genes can be transferred to other bacteria. However, three publications have demonstrated that functional ARGs in plasmids may be capable of persisting in foods after effective heat treatments. Given the global impact of AMR, there is clearly a need for further practical research on this topic to provide sufficient evidence to fully assess whether there is a risk to human health from the persistence of functional ARGs in heat-treated and cooked foods.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.