Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34942099›Full record

ArticleCell2021

Extracellular hyaluronate pressure shaped by cellular tethers drives tissue morphogenesis.

Akankshi Munjal, Edouard Hannezo, Tony Y-C Tsai, Timothy J Mitchison, Sean G Megason

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed
7.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

65 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The role of geometry in morphogenesis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026
    Review
  2. Mechanics of compression-driven morphogenesis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026
    Review
  3. Biophysics of lumen morphogenesis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Regulation of epithelial tissue homeostasis by active transepithelial transport.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Akankshi MunjalDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: akankshi.munjal@duke.edu.
Edouard HannezoInstitute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
Tony Y-C TsaiDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Timothy J MitchisonDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Sean G MegasonDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: megason@hms.harvard.edu.
Harvard University · USInstitute of Science and Technology Austria · AT

Funding

Cell and Chemical Biology of MicrotubulesR35GM131753 · NIGMS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI Timothy J Mitchison · 2019 to 2026
$6.4M
Microscope purchase for R01 Dynamic regulatory mechanisms of robust pattern formation in the neural tubeR01GM107733 · NIGMS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI MEGASON, SEAN G · 2015 to 2022
$2.8M
The mechanism of inner ear pressure homeostasis by the endolymphatic sacR01DC015478 · NIDCD · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI MEGASON, SEAN G · 2017 to 2021
$2.0M
Identifying the role of dynamic ECM-derived forces in zebrafish semicircular canal morphogenesisK99HD098918 · NICHD · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI MUNJAL, AKANKSHI · 2019 to 2021
$308k
NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD098918NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC015478NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM107733NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM131753
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

How tissues acquire complex shapes is a fundamental question in biology and regenerative medicine. Zebrafish semicircular canals form from invaginations in the otic epithelium (buds) that extend and fuse to form the hubs of each canal. We find that conventional actomyosin-driven behaviors are not required. Instead, local secretion of hyaluronan, made by the enzymes uridine 5'-diphosphate dehydrogenase (ugdh) and hyaluronan synthase 3 (has3), drives canal morphogenesis. Charged hyaluronate polymers osmotically swell with water and generate isotropic extracellular pressure to deform the overlying epithelium into buds. The mechanical anisotropy needed to shape buds into tubes is conferred by a polarized distribution of actomyosin and E-cadherin-rich membrane tethers, which we term cytocinches. Most work on tissue morphogenesis ascribes actomyosin contractility as the driving force, while the extracellular matrix shapes tissues through differential stiffness. Our work inverts this expectation. Hyaluronate pressure shaped by anisotropic tissue stiffness may be a widespread mechanism for powering morphological change in organogenesis and tissue engineering.

Indexed as

MorphogenesisOrgan SpecificityPressureActomyosinAnimalsAnisotropyBehavior, AnimalExtracellular MatrixExtracellular SpaceHyaluronic AcidModels, BiologicalOsmotic PressureSemicircular CanalsStereotyped BehaviorZebrafishZebrafish ProteinsActomyosinHyaluronic AcidZebrafish ProteinsactomyosincadherinECMhyaluronanhyaluronic acidhydraulicsinner earsemicircular canalstissue morphogenesiszebrafish

Identifiers

PMID34942099
PMCPMC8722442
OpenAlexW4225556864

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.