ReviewToxins2021
The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNFs)-A Family of Rho GTPase-Activating Bacterial Exotoxins.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic insights on spatiotemporal control of Ras-signaling.Biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Pathogenetic Potential and Immune Crosstalk of Yersinia spp. in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Case Report: The Endemic Spread of Escherichia coli Positive for Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor Type 1 in a Canine Research Facility and Impact of Infection in Neonatal Puppies.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Phylogroup Homeostasis ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- The antibacterial capabilities of alginate encapsulated lemon essential oil nanocapsules against multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Latent microbial infections leading to myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review.Current journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Identification of novel toxins associated with the extracellular contractile injection system using machine learning.Molecular systems biology · 2024Article
- Unravelling bacterial virulence factors in yeast: From identification to the elucidation of their mechanisms of action.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution.Toxins · 2024Review
- Meeting report 'Microbiology 2023: from single cell to microbiome and host', an international interacademy conference in Würzburg.microLife · 2024Article
- The Immunoprotection ofVeterinary sciences · 2023Article
- C500 variants conveying complete mucosal immunity against fatal infections of pigs withFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Pasteurella multocida toxin - lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are a family of Rho GTPase-activating single-chain exotoxins that are produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Due to the pleiotropic activities of the targeted Rho GTPases, the CNFs trigger multiple signaling pathways and host cell processes with diverse functional consequences. They influence cytokinesis, tissue integrity, cell barriers, and cell death, as well as the induction of inflammatory and immune cell responses. This has an enormous influence on host-pathogen interactions and the severity of the infection. The present review provides a comprehensive insight into our current knowledge of the modular structure, cell entry mechanisms, and the mode of action of this class of toxins, and describes their influence on the cell, tissue/organ, and systems levels. In addition to their toxic functions, possibilities for their use as drug delivery tool and for therapeutic applications against important illnesses, including nervous system diseases and cancer, have also been identified and are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.