ReviewToxins2021
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm: An Update on Clinical Studies.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06195241 (The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of studies on the treatment of hemifacial spasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Sustained remission following repeated onabotulinumtoxinA treatment in primary hemifacial spasm: a case series.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Neurovascular Compression Syndromes of Cranial Nerves: A Multidisciplinary Guide to Management.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Psychological and motor outcomes of botulinum toxin in hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- The application value of intraoperative lateral spreading response monitoring during microvascular decompression in patients with primary hemifacial spasm.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Multicentric comparative study of botulinum toxin treatment in patients with hemifacial spasm.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- The Role of Botulinum Toxin in Dry Eye Disease and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Associated with Hemifacial Spasm.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Determining prognostic factors in the treatment of primary hemifacial spasm: Clinical outcomes and complications. A literature review.World neurosurgery: X · 2025Article
- Orthodontic considerations for managing patients with functional movement disorders: a narrative review and clinical guide.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2025Review
- Dosage of botulinum toxin in patients undergoing treatment for hemifacial spasm: is there modification during follow-up?Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm Among Neurosurgeons: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Botulinum toxin as an effective treatment for persistent twitching in first toe: a detailed case study.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- Clinical Application of Botulinum Toxin for Hemifacial Spasm.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dolichoectasia of vertebrobasilar artery presenting as facial pain: a case report.Journal of dental anesthesia and pain medicine · 2023Article
- The Superior Cerebellar Artery: Variability and Clinical Significance.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of the facial muscles innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. Generally, it is associated with a poor quality of life due to social embarrassment and can lead to functional blindness. Moreover, it is a chronic condition, and spontaneous recovery is rare. Intramuscular injections of Botulinum Toxin (BoNT) are routinely used as HFS treatment.
methodsWe reviewed published articles between 1991 and 2021 regarding the effectiveness and safety of BoNT in HFS as well as any reported differences among BoNT formulations.
resultsThe efficacy of BoNT for HFS treatment ranged from 73% to 98.4%. The mean duration of the effect was around 12 weeks. Effectiveness did not decrease over time. Adverse effects were usually mild and transient. The efficacy and tolerability of the different preparations appeared to be similar. Among the studies, dosage, injected muscles, intervals of treatment, and rating scales were variable, thus leading to challenges in comparing the results.
conclusionsBoNT was the treatment of choice for HFS due to its efficacy and safety profile. Further studies are needed to investigate the factors that influence the outcome, including the optimal timing of treatment, injection techniques, dosage, and the best selection criteria for formulations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.