ReviewToxins2021
Delivery of Toxins and Effectors by Bacterial Membrane Vesicles.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toxin Secretion Systems Used by Marine Pathogenic Bacteria: A Review.Journal of fish diseases · 2026Review
- Effect of gut bacterial extracellular vesicles on angiogenic potential and vascular integrity: positive and negative aspects.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the brain: Pathological effects and therapeutic possibilities.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Emerging Biotechnological Applications.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Antibiotics Impact the Cytotoxicity and Cytopathic Effect ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Interplay Between Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Phages: Receptors, Mechanisms, and Implications.Viruses · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles From Xylella fastidiosa Carry sRNAs and Genomic Islands, Suggesting Roles in Recipient Cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Adaptations of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Antibiotic Pressure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- In Silico Characterization of Resistance and Virulence Genes inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles of minimalistic Mollicutes as mediators of immune modulation and horizontal gene transfer.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Cross - Kingdom Dialogue of Microbial Messengers: Multi - Target Regulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Gut Microbiota - Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Metabolic Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Exploring Naturally Tailored Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Selective Bacteriostatic Implant Coatings.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as a Novel Vaccine Platform against SARS-CoV-2.Current microbiology · 2024Review
- The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Secreted Metabolites fromMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Potential probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis KUMS-Y33 suppresses adipogenesis and promotes osteogenesis in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Recently, several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called "secretion system type zero"), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). This review examines the role of MVs as transporters of virulence factors and the interaction of toxin-containing vesicles and other protein effectors with different human cell types. We focus on the unique ability of vesicles to cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver protein effectors from intestinal or oral bacteria to the central nervous system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.