ArticleArthritis care & research2023
Hydroxychloroquine Use and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Article in Arthritis care & research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Lipid metabolism at the intersection of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Myocardial infarction in rheumatic diseases.Rheumatology international · 2025Review
- Relationship between hydroxychloroquine blood levels and lupus activity through the lens of the type 1 and type 2 lupus model: a cross-sectional study.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- The presumable combined effects of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites on the blood lipids and glucose in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine due to suspected retinal toxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus and the role of multimodal imaging.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Evolving Concepts in Treat-to-Target Strategies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Mediterranean journal of rheumatology · 2024Review
- Review
- Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with reduced mortality risk in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Article
- Researchers in rheumatology should avoid categorization of continuous predictor variables.BMC medical research methodology · 2023Article
- Hydroxychloroquine as an Immunomodulatory and Antithrombotic Treatment in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- An update on the use of conventional and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in hand osteoarthritis.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2023Review
- Diabetes-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: The Roles of DMARDs as Glucose-Lowering Agents.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Exploring the risk factors for ischemic cerebrovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-center case-control study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Transcriptional Effects of Candidate COVID-19 Treatments on Cardiac Myocytes.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe evaluated the potential temporal association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and cardiovascular (CV) events among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
methodsWe conducted a nested case-control study within inception cohorts of SLE and RA patients using administrative health databases including the entire population of British Columbia, Canada. We identified cases with incident CV events, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or venous thromboembolism (VTE). We matched each case with up to 3 controls on age, sex, and rheumatic disease. HCQ exposure was categorized by the time between the last HCQ prescription date covered and the index date as current use, recent use, remote use, or never used. We used conditional logistic regression to assess the association between HCQ exposure and CV events, using remote use as the reference group.
resultsWe identified 10,268 cases and 29,969 controls. Adjusted conditional odd ratios (cORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for current HCQ use relative to remote use were 0.86 (0.77-0.97) for combined CV events, 0.88 (0.74-1.05) for MI, 0.87 (0.74-1.03) for stroke, and 0.74 (0.59-0.94) for VTE. Recent HCQ users and nonusers had similar odds of combined CV events as remote users (cORs 0.93, 95% CI 0.77-1.13 and 0.96, 95% CI 0.88-1.04, respectively).
conclusionIn this nested case-control study of patients with SLE and RA, we found a reduced risk of overall CV events associated with current HCQ use, including reductions in VTE and trends toward reductions in MI and stroke. These findings suggest a possible cardiovascular preventative benefit of HCQ use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.