ReviewSchizophrenia research and treatment2021
Cigarette Smoking and Schizophrenia: Etiology, Clinical, Pharmacological, and Treatment Implications.
Review in Schizophrenia research and treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Latest developments in the use of e-cigarettes by people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who smoke: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Does Cannabis Use Contribute to Schizophrenia? A Causation Analysis Based on Epidemiological Evidence.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic overlap between treatment-resistant schizophrenia and smoking initiation.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Identifying and targeting abnormal mitochondrial localization associated with psychosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The impact of a national exercise intervention on lifestyle habits among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from the FitForLife intervention study.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Integrated clinical and postmortem profiling in schizophrenia reveals a cognitive subtype linked to cerebrovascular disease.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Moderating Role of Cigarette Smoking on the Efficacy of tDCS in the Treatment of Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Genetic insights into schizophrenia: ERBB4 and GABRB2 polymorphisms in the Lebanese population.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Nicotine Misuse and Treatment of Schizophrenia Exacerbations in Men: An Observational Study in Poland.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Molecular Underpinning of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Putative Different Neurobiology from Treatment-Responsive Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Managing ciprofloxacin-clozapine interaction with immunoassay-based monitoring: A case report.The mental health clinician · 2025Article
- Complex medical conditions and health risk behaviors among homeless males with schizophrenia.Narra J · 2025Article
- Characterization of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in acute Schizophrenia: a cluster analysis of heart rate variability parameters.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and cognitive symptom differences between smokers and non-smokers in Chinese older male patients with chronic schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Establishes a Delicate Balance between the Level of the Trace Amine Tryptamine and Monoamine Oxidase Activity in the Brain and Periphery in Health and Conditions such as Neurodegenerative, Neurodevelopmental, and Psychiatric Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Genome-wide association analysis of treatment resistant schizophrenia for variant discovery and polygenic assessment.Human genomics · 2024Article
- Review
- Heavy metal concentrations and clinical symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia related to cigarette smoking.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Smoking affects symptom improvement in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal study of male patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent data suggests that the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia remains high. While reports suggest that smoking increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, the potential causative role of smoking in this relationship needs further investigation. Smokers with schizophrenia are more likely to have more intense positive symptoms and lower cognitive function, but diminished intensity of extrapyramidal side effects than nonsmoking patients with schizophrenia. They were also more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviour compared to nonsmokers, which could suggest higher levels of baseline aggression. The significant cost associated with regular tobacco expenditure can detract from investment in key domains. Large-scale trials have shown that pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is effective and does not worsen the risk of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms compared to placebo. Electronic cigarette use among schizophrenia patients is high, and there is emerging evidence supportive of its efficacy. Future improvements include large-scale trials assessing the utility, efficacy, and safety of electronic cigarettes in schizophrenia patients.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.