Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34938151›Full record

ArticleGlobal ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology2020

A conceptual map of invasion biology: Integrating hypotheses into a consensus network.

Martin Enders, Frank Havemann, Florian Ruland, Maud Bernard-Verdier, Jane A Catford, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Sylvia Haider, Tina Heger, Christoph Kueffer, Ingolf Kühn and 20 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
52citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

52 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. The spread of non-native species.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026
    Review
  9. The crucial and unique role of extreme tropical cyclones in promoting freshwater invasions in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  10. Phenological Development of Waxy-Leaved Mustard (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Global drivers of the conservation-invasion paradox.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Martin EndersDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-852X
Frank HavemannPhilosophische Fakultät Institut für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-2580
Florian RulandDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-1733
Maud Bernard-VerdierDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.
Jane A CatfordDepartment of Geography King's College London London United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-5960
Lorena Gómez-AparicioInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC Seville Spain.
Sylvia HaiderMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle (Saale) Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-0534
Tina HegerBerlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5522-5632
Christoph KuefferInstitute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-0703
Ingolf KühnMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle (Saale) Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-8249
Laura A MeyersonThe University of Rhode Island Department of Natural Resources Science Kingston Rhode Island.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-3865
Camille MusseauDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-2384
Ana NovoaCzech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology Průhonice Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-3917
Anthony RicciardiCentre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa.
Alban SagouisDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.
Conrad SchittkoBerlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-8762
David L StrayerCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York United States.
Montserrat VilàEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-8261
Franz EsslCentre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa.
Philip E HulmeBio-Protection Research Centre Lincoln University Lincoln, Canterbury New Zealand.
Mark van KleunenEcology, Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-3701
Sabrina KumschickCentre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa.
Julie L LockwoodEcology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0177-449X
Abigail L MabeyBiological Sciences University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0156-1881
Melodie A McGeochSchool of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-2241
Estíbaliz PalmaSchool of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-254X
Petr PyšekCzech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology Průhonice Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-442X
Wolf-Christian SaulCentre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-6159
Florencia A YannelliCentre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-5312
Jonathan M JeschkeDepartment of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4217

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsSince its emergence in the mid-20th century, invasion biology has matured into a productive research field addressing questions of fundamental and applied importance. Not only has the number of empirical studies increased through time, but also has the number of competing, overlapping and, in some cases, contradictory hypotheses about biological invasions. To make these contradictions and redundancies explicit, and to gain insight into the field's current theoretical structure, we developed and applied a Delphi approach to create a consensus network of 39 existing invasion hypotheses.

resultsThe resulting network was analysed with a link-clustering algorithm that revealed five SIGNIFICANCE: The network visually synthesizes how invasion biology's predominant hypotheses are conceptually related to each other, and thus, reveals an emergent structure - a

Indexed as

biological invasionsconceptsconsensus mapDelphi methodinvasion scienceinvasion theorynavigation toolsnetwork analysis

Identifiers

PMID34938151
PMCPMC8647925

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.