ArticleNature immunology2022
Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Nature immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 137 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardised seroprevalence studies, from January 2020 to December 2021.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children after natural infection or vaccination in the omicron and pre-omicron era: A systematic review of clinical and immunological studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Pulmonary Dysfunction after Pediatric COVID-19.Radiology · 2023Trial
- T-cell responses to primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Down syndrome - From childhood to adulthood.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Observational
- Article
- Reassessing Early COVID-19 Strategies in East Asia: Insights From Japan and Korea.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2026Review
- The impact of ethnicity on longitudinal humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Variant-Specific Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibodies and Household Transmission in Families During Anchestral, Alpha, Delta and Omicron Periods.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in infected children and adults.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Salivary IgG Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Immune Response-Differences Between Vaccinated Children and Adults.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Development of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents in a longitudinal cohort study in Cebu, Philippines.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Age-dependent immune profiles and variant-driven humoral alterations across two SARS-CoV-2 epidemic phases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A longitudinal study of antibody responses to endemic HCoV and novel SARS-CoV-2 among mother-child pairs in Zambia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pediatric T cell and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in children exhibit higher FcR engagement and avidity than in adults.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of humoral and cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 exposed families.Scientific reports · 2025Article
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but a biological basis for this outcome is unclear. Here we compare antibody and cellular immunity in children (aged 3-11 years) and adults. Antibody responses against spike protein were high in children and seroconversion boosted responses against seasonal Beta-coronaviruses through cross-recognition of the S2 domain. Neutralization of viral variants was comparable between children and adults. Spike-specific T cell responses were more than twice as high in children and were also detected in many seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses to seasonal coronaviruses. Importantly, children retained antibody and cellular responses 6 months after infection, whereas relative waning occurred in adults. Spike-specific responses were also broadly stable beyond 12 months. Therefore, children generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focused specificity for the spike protein. These findings provide insight into the relative clinical protection that occurs in most children and might help to guide the design of pediatric vaccination regimens.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.