Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2022
Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy.
Open access · goldAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroglial biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiological insights.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- An updated, comprehensive meta-analysis of the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Analysis, equipoise, and the urgent need for evidence over anecdote.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Pooled it
- Non-paraneoplastic Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia with Sensory Ataxia Associated with the Anti-Ca/ARHGAP26 Antibody: A Case Report.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- The cascade to pathogenicity in autoantibody-mediated CNS diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Fifteen years of autoimmune encephalitis in Denmark: incidence, epidemiology, and trends in treatment.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis as Treatment-Responsive Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology · 2026Observational
- Development and validation of the NEOS2 score for prediction of long-term outcomes and improvement after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an international cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Early-Onset Versus Late-Onset LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Neuronal surface autoantibodies at cerebellar and brainstem synapses: mechanisms, phenotypes, and translational gaps.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Brain atrophy in autoimmune encephalitis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis-an update.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Successful Early Treatment of Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Associated With Small Cell Lung Cancer in an Elderly Male Patient: A Case Report.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Diagnostic testing in psychiatry: insights and examples from a Bayesian perspective.Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Comparison of commercial and in-house tissue-based and cell-based assays for the detection of autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface proteins: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Long-Term Cognitive, Functional, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Neurology · 2024Article
- Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Anna E M BastiaansenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8492-5638
Marienke A A M de BruijnFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Sabine L SchullerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Eugenia Martinez-HernandezFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Juliëtte BrennerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Manuela PaunovicFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Yvette S CrijnenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Maxim J H L MulderFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Marco W J SchreursFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Esther de GraaffFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Peter A E SmittFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Rinze F NeuteboomFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6136-4981
Juna M de VriesFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Maarten J TitulaerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. m.titulaer@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID 0000-0002-1033-3840
University of Applied Sciences Utrecht · NL
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesTo describe the clinical features of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, emphasizing on late-onset patients and antibody test characteristics in serum and CSF.
methodsNationwide observational Dutch cohort study, in patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis between 2007 and 2019.
resultsOne hundred twenty-six patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included with a median age of 24 years (range 1-86 years). The mean annual incidence was 1.00/million (95% CI 0.62-1.59). Patients ≥45 years of age at onset (19%) had fewer seizures (46% vs 71%, DISCUSSION: Anti-NMDAR encephalitis occurs at all ages and is less rare in the elderly patients than initially anticipated. In older patients, the clinical phenotype is less outspoken, has different tumor association, and a less favorable recovery. Detection of antibodies in CSF is the gold standard, and although the CBA has very good validity, it is not perfect. The clinical phenotype should be leading, and confirmation in a research laboratory is recommended, when in doubt.
Indexed as
AutoantibodiesNeoplasmsAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge of OnsetAnti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantMaleMiddle AgedAutoantibodies
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