Observational studyBMJ open2021
Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- How do the incomes of Israeli Arab physicians compare with those of Israeli Jewish physicians?Israel journal of health policy research · 2026Article
- Family physician pay inequality: a qualitative study exploring how physician responses to perceived patient expectations may explain gender, race, and immigration status pay differences.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Article
- The economics of investing in women and health.Nature medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Intersectionality of the Gender Wage Gap Among Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The under-representation of racially minoritised doctors in academic general practice training: a retrospective analysis.BJGP open · 2024Article
- Trends and determinants of clinical staff retention in the English NHS: a double retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Foreign Healthcare Professionals in Germany: A Questionnaire Survey Evaluating Discrimination Experiences and Equal Treatment at Two Large University Hospitals.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo identify differences in average basic pay between groups of National Health Service (NHS) doctors cross-classified by ethnicity and gender. Analyse the extent to which characteristics (grade, specialty, age, hours, etc.) can explain these differences.
designRetrospective observational study using repeated cross-section design.
settingHospital and Community Health Service (HCHS) in England.
participantsAll HCHS doctors in England employed by the NHS between 2016 and 2020 appearing in the Digital Electronic Staff Record dataset (average N=99 953 per year).
main outcome measuresHours-adjusted full-time equivalent pay gaps; given as raw data and further adjusted for demographic, job, and workplace characteristics (such as grade, specialty, age, whether British nationality, region) using multivariable regression and statistical decomposition techniques.
resultsPay gaps relative to white men vary with the ethnicity-gender combination. Indian men slightly out-earn white men and Bangladeshi women have a 40% pay gap. In most cases, pay gaps can largely be explained by characteristics that can be measured, especially grade, with the extent varying by specific ethnicity-gender group. However, a portion of pay gaps cannot be explained by characteristics that can be measured.
conclusionsThis study presents new evidence on ethnicity-gender pay gaps among NHS doctors in England using high quality administrative and payroll data. The findings indicate all ethnicity-gender groups earn less than white men on average, except for Indian men. In some cases, these differences cannot be explained giving rise to discussions about the role of discrimination.
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