ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021
Short-Term Exposure to Blue Light Shows an Inhibitory Effect on Axial Elongation in Human Eyes Independent of Defocus.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy in retarding childhood myopia progression: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Influence of outdoor time on the spherical equivalent and axial length in childhood myopia: A meta-analysis.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of the repeated low-level red light therapy in slowing the progression of myopia in children and adolescents.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Acute Ocular Effects of Violet and Red Light Exposure in Young Adults.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Sustained Plus Lens Defocus Alters Retinal Responses and Ciliary Muscle Morphology In Myopes and Near-emmetropes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Annual Solar Cycles: Investigating Seasonal Variations in Southern Norway and Their Potential Role in Human Eye Growth.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Increased PRSS56 expression is a causal factor and therapeutic target for human axial high myopia.Cell research · 2026Article
- Variations of axial eye shortening in response to positive defocus over the day.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- High-Color-Temperature Lighting Is Associated With Activation of MAPK/ERK-nNOS Signaling and MMP-2-Related Pathways in Ocular Tissues.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Associations Among the Gradient Refractive Index of the Lens, Axial Length, and Refractive State in the Developing Murine Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Review
- Light and myopia: a focus on the expanding role of non-visual opsins.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Review
- Short-term exposure to cyan light attenuates myopigenic effects of hyperopic defocus on ocular biometry in humans.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Interaction Between Near Work and Narrowband Light on Choroidal Thickness.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The global landscape of myopia prevalence and its social determinants in children and adolescents: a cross-regional analysis.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Spectral characteristics of light and their association with myopia progression in children: A systematic review protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Influence of light on myopia-a review.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Effect of a longpass filter on myopic defocus-induced changes in axial length and choroid thickness.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Blue Light Defocus Induces A Positive Effect on Refractive Status and Ocular Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Given the potential role of light and its wavelength on ocular growth, we investigated the effect of short-term exposure to the red, green, and blue light on ocular biometry in the presence and absence of lens-induced defocus in humans. Methods: Twenty-five young adults were exposed to blue (460 nm), green (521 nm), red (623 nm), and white light conditions for 1-hour each on 4 separate experimental sessions conducted on 4 different days. In each light condition, hyperopic defocus (3D) was induced to the right eye with the fellow eye experiencing no defocus. Axial length and choroidal thickness were measured before and immediately after the light exposure with a non-contact biometer. Results: Axial length increased from baseline after red light (mean difference ± standard error in the defocussed eye and non-defocussed eye = 11.2 ± 2 µm and 6.4 ± 2.3 µm, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) and green light exposure (9.2 ± 3 µm and 7.0 ± 2.5 µm, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) with a significant decrease in choroidal thickness (P < 0.05, both red and green light) after 1-hour of exposure. Blue light exposure resulted in a reduction in axial length in both the eyes (-8.0 ± 3 µm, P < 0.001 in the defocussed eye and -6.0 ± 3 µm, P = 0.11 in the non-defocused eye) with no significant changes in the choroidal thickness. Conclusions: Exposure to red and green light resulted in axial elongation, and blue light resulted in inhibition of axial elongation in human eyes. Impact of such specific wavelength exposure on children and its application in myopia control need to be explored.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.