ArticleiScience2021
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the mitochondrial antioxidant system in activated T cells.
Article in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunosuppression by hydroxychloroquine: mechanistic proof in in vitro experiments but limited systemic activity in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical pharmacology study.Immunologic research · 2023Trial
- Oxidative Stress and NRF2-Mediated Redox Regulation in Incomplete Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mitigating Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Oxidative Liver Damage: The Roles of Adenosine Triphosphate, Liv-52, and Their Combination in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine sulfate for IgA nephropathy: mechanisms and therapeutic potential in improving proteinuria and alleviating disease progression - a literature review.BMC nephrology · 2025Review
- Autophagy in adult stem cell homeostasis, aging, and disease therapy.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2025Review
- Article
- Hydroxychloroquine enhances efferocytosis and modulates inflammation via MerTK/Gas6 signaling in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Impact of celiac disease on patients with familial Mediterranean fever: a nationwide study based on the Türkiye database.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Deciphering the immunological interactions: targeting preeclampsia with Hydroxychloroquine's biological mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Epstein-Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis-Is it present in long COVID?Journal of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alter the contractility of living porcine heart slices.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Mitochondrial impairment and repair in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The Role of Autophagy in the Function of CD4Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has long been used to treat autoimmune diseases, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In CD4 T-cells, we found that a clinically relevant concentration of HCQ inhibited the mitochondrial antioxidant system triggered by TCR crosslinking, leading to increased mitochondrial superoxide, impaired activation-induced autophagic flux, and reduced proliferation of CD4 T-cells. In antigen-presenting cells, HCQ also reduced constitutive activation of the endo-lysosomal protease legumain and toll-like receptor 9, thereby reducing cytokine production, but it had little apparent impact on constitutive antigen processing and peptide presentation. HCQ's effects did not require endo-lysosomal pH change, nor impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion. We explored the clinical relevance of these findings in patients with celiac disease-a prototypic CD4 T-cell-mediated disease-and found that HCQ limits
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.