ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
"World in motion" - emulsion adjuvants rising to meet the pandemic challenges.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of COVAC-2, a Sepivac SWE™ adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine in previously vaccinated healthy adults; a randomized controlled multicentre trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Toxicological evaluation of a synthetic QS-21 adjuvant in a tuberculosis vaccine candidate-Demonstrating safety and immunological equivalence to natural reference.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Stability Assessment of Squalene in a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant and the SpiN-Tec Vaccine: HPLC Quantification, Stress Testing, and Stability Studies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Recent developments in cancer immuno-interception strategies.Trends in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Vaccinology in the twenty-first century revisited.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Lyophilizable Thermostable Nano-Aluminum Adjuvant and Combinations Induced Robust Antigen-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Mice.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Development and Characterization of a Stable Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Using Impingement Jet Mixing and Lyophilization Techniques.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Suitability, Efficacy, and Safety of Zinc Hydroxide Adjuvant System Adsorbed on Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Review
- Identification of Mannose-Capped-Arabinomannan 101-mer as a Potential Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvant.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Adjuvants enhance protective antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses following a single vaccination of Fluzone.Virology · 2026Article
- Screening and in silico evaluation of candidate late-stage antigens for incorporation into multi-stage and post-exposure vaccines against tuberculosis.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Comparative evaluation of 5 combination adjuvants on immunogenicity and efficacy of approved seasonal influenza vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Design and mechanistic insights into ZMF59/CpG: a complementary adjuvant system boosting immunity and safety in herpes zoster vaccines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Adjuvant-driven epitope hierarchy correlates with the protective efficacy of FimA vaccine againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nano-adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and safety of infectious bursal disease virus vaccines: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigensFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emulsion adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have been used for more than two decades as key components of licensed vaccines, with over 100 million doses administered to diverse populations in more than 30 countries. Substantial clinical experience of effectiveness and a well-established safety profile, along with the ease of manufacturing have established emulsion adjuvants as one of the leading platforms for the development of pandemic vaccines. Emulsion adjuvants allow for antigen dose sparing, more rapid immune responses, and enhanced quality and quantity of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of enhancement of immune responses are well defined and typically characterized by the creation of an "immunocompetent environment" at the site of injection, followed by the induction of strong and long-lasting germinal center responses in the draining lymph nodes. As a result, emulsion adjuvants induce distinct immunological responses, with a mixed Th1/Th2 T cell response, long-lived plasma cells, an expanded repertoire of memory B cells, and high titers of cross-neutralizing polyfunctional antibodies against viral variants. Because of these various properties, emulsion adjuvants were included in pandemic influenza vaccines deployed during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, are still included in seasonal influenza vaccines, and are currently at the forefront of the development of vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic variants. Here, we comprehensively review emulsion adjuvants, discuss their mechanism of action, and highlight their profile as a benchmark for the development of additional vaccine adjuvants and as a valuable tool to allow further investigations of the general principles of human immunity.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.