ArticleCMAJ open
Health care access among transgender and nonbinary people in Canada, 2019: a cross-sectional survey.
Article in CMAJ open. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of gender-affirming hormone therapy in non-binary and genderqueer individuals, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients in Accessing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Thematic Synthesis of the Literature.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2026Review
- A Protocol for Identifying Priorities for Women+ Health in the Maritime Provinces Using a Priority Setting Partnership Approach.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Desire for and Successful Access to Feminizing and Masculinizing Gender-Affirming Surgeries: A Cross-Sectional Canada Wide Survey.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2026Article
- The Nugent score is an inappropriate diagnostic tool for neovaginal bacteria in transfeminine people.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Scaling Up a Diabetes Prevention Program in Geographically and Ethnoculturally Diverse Urban Regions of Canada: Protocol for a Hybrid Type 2 Implementation-Effectiveness Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Patients' experiences of obstetric and gynaecological care in Québec: interactions with healthcare providers, respect of rights, satisfaction, and trust in the healthcare system.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Exploring alcohol use and harm reduction techniques among transgender and gender diverse youth in Canada: A qualitative study.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- "I was lucky": Exploring the healthcare experiences of trans and non-binary youth in Alberta.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Advancing Gender-Equitable, Affirmative and Integrated Dentistry in India: Multizonal National Benchmarking of Oral Health Professionals' Gender Sensitivity, Inclusiveness, and Preparedness Using the Novel OHP-GSIP © Tool.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Barriers of Access to Gender-Affirming Health Care and Surgery: A Systematic Review.Transgender health · 2025Review
- The Futility of Nugent Scoring as a Diagnostic Tool for Neovaginal Bacterial Dysbiosis in Transfeminine People.Research square · 2025Article
- Lessons Learned in Transgender Peer Navigation: A Year of Reflective Journaling.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Introducing Novel Methods to Identify Fraudulent Responses (Sampling With Sisyphus): Web-Based LGBTQ2S+ Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- The Association Between Sexual Violence and Suicidal Ideation Among Transgender Women and the Role of Gender-Affirming Healthcare Providers in Seven Urban Areas in the United States, 2019 to 2020.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2025Article
- Health and Health Care Access of Autistic Transgender and Nonbinary People in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Study.Autism in adulthood · 2025Article
- Interviews to Assess a Peer Health Navigator Service for People Who Are Transgender or Gender Diverse.Annals of family medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Gender-affirming care education in pharmacy: a scoping review protocol of practices in Canada and the USA.BMJ open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious Canadian studies have identified problems regarding health care access for transgender (trans) and nonbinary people, but all-ages national data have been lacking. This study describes access to care among trans and nonbinary people in Canada, and compares health care access across provinces or regions.
methodsWe conducted a bilingual, multimode cross-sectional survey (Trans PULSE Canada) from July 26 to Oct. 1, 2019. We recruited trans and nonbinary people aged 14 years and older using convenience sampling. We assessed 5 outcomes: having a primary care provider, having a primary care provider with whom the respondent was comfortable discussing trans health issues, past-year unmet health care need, medical gender affirmation status, and being on a wait-list to access gender-affirming medical care. Average marginal predictions were estimated from multivariable logistic regression models with multiply imputed data.
resultsThe survey included 2873 participants, and 2217 surveys were analyzed after exclusions. Of the 2217 trans and nonbinary respondents, most had a primary care provider (
interpretationParticipants reported considerable unmet needs or delays in primary, general and gender-affirming care, with significant regional variation. Our results indicate that, despite efforts toward equity in access to care for trans and nonbinary people in Canada, inequities persist.
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