ArticleCell reports2021
Evidence for increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity related to pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronaviruses.
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In one paragraph
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed
2.8field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simultaneous quantification of anti-Spike IgG subclasses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants using a multiplex serological assay.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Preexisting Humoral Immunity Against Seasonal Coronaviruses Enhances Antibody Responses on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HKU1 immune imprinting is associated with post-COVID symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection.iScience · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of endemic and emergent coronaviruses among SARS-COV-2 patients and healthcare workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein IgA is associated with worse disease severity in critically ill COVID-19 pneumonia patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
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- Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of human coronavirus antibody responses in ICU and non-ICU COVID-19 patients reveals IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a key biomarker of disease severity.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Minimal Impact of Prior Common Cold Coronavirus Exposure on Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination or Infection Risk in Older Adults in Congregate Care.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Post-transfusion activation of coagulation pathways during severe COVID-19 correlates with COVID-19 convalescent plasma antibody profiles.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 provides low-level cross-protection against common cold coronaviruses in mouse and non-human primate animal models.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Stability of cytokine and immunoglobulin concentrations in the general population: prepandemic basal concentrations and intraindividual changes until the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Coronaviruses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Impact of ageing on homologous and human-coronavirus-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Editorial: Cross-reactive immunity and COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Paul R WratilMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Niklas A SchmackeDepartment of Biochemistry and Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Burak KarakocMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Alex DulovicNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Daniel JunkerNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Matthias BeckerNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Ulrich RothbauerNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Andreas OstermanMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Patricia M SpaethMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Adrian RuhleMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Madeleine GappMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Stephanie SchneiderMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Maximilian MuenchhoffMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Johannes C HellmuthCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Clemens SchererCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Julia MayerleCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Martin ReinckeCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Juergen BehrCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany; Department of Medicine V, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Stefan KääbCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Bernhard ZwisslerCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Michael von Bergwelt-BaildonCOVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Josef EberleMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Lars KaderaliInstitute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
Nicole Schneiderhan-MarraNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Veit HornungDepartment of Biochemistry and Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Oliver T KepplerMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Electronic address: keppler@mvp.lmu.de.
LMU Klinikum · DELudwig-Maximilians-Universität München · DENatural and Medical Sciences Institute · DEGerman Center for Infection Research · DEUniversitätsmedizin Greifswald · DE
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The importance of pre-existing immune responses to seasonal endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs) for the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the course of COVID-19 is the subject of an ongoing scientific debate. Recent studies postulate that immune responses to previous HCoV infections can either have a slightly protective or no effect on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and, consequently, be neglected for COVID-19 risk stratification. Challenging this notion, we provide evidence that pre-existing, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies against endemic α-coronaviruses and S2 domain-specific anti-spike antibodies against β-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 are elevated in patients with COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic donors. This finding is particularly pronounced in males and in critically ill patients. Longitudinal evaluation reveals that antibody cross-reactivity or polyclonal stimulation by SARS-CoV-2 infection are unlikely to be confounders. Thus, specific pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronaviruses may increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and predispose individuals to an adverse COVID-19 outcome, guiding risk management and supporting the development of universal coronavirus vaccines.
Indexed as
AdultAntibodiesAntibodies, ViralCoronavirusCoronavirus InfectionsCoronavirus OC43, HumanCOVID-19Cross ReactionsFemaleGermanyHumansImmunity, HumoralImmunoglobulin GLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedAntibodiesAntibodies, ViralImmunoglobulin GSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusantibodiescommon coldCOVID-19disease severityHCoVhumoral immunitypandemicSARS-CoV-2seasonal coronavirusessusceptibility
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