ArticlePLoS biology2021
Elevated temperature inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelium independently of IFN-mediated innate immune defenses.
Article in PLoS biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- TRPV4-mediated calcium influx contributes temperature-dependent SARS-CoV-2 replication.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Temperature and developmental stage govern intestinal susceptibility to human coronavirus 229E.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- RNA Binding Sensitivity of Nonstructural Protein 8 Revealed by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Alphafold2 Prediction.ACS nano · 2025Article
- The impact of temperature and relative humidity on SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in Syrian hamsters.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal acupoint application in adult patients with fever and mild-to-moderate COVID-19: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Will COVID-19 become mild, like a cold?Epidemiology and infection · 2024Review
- Parabacteroides distasonis regulates the infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV at different water temperatures.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Possible Role of Cannabis in the Management of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Post-COVID Condition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Validating the inactivation of viral pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 to safely transfer samples from high-containment laboratories.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Aggravated pneumonia and diabetes in SARS-CoV-2 infected diabetic mice.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Influenza A and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Trigger a Cellular Response That Blocks Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 Infection in the Respiratory Tract.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Possible spread of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and wild animals and body temperature role.Virus research · 2023Review
- Early Transcriptional Responses of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells to Infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Differ and Are Influenced by Physiological Temperature.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and Cancer Diseases-The Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Therapeutic hyperthermia for the treatment of infection-a narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Review
- The natural thermal sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2.Infectious medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The pandemic spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents an ongoing international health crisis. A key symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the onset of fever, with a hyperthermic temperature range of 38 to 41°C. Fever is an evolutionarily conserved host response to microbial infection that can influence the outcome of viral pathogenicity and regulation of host innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it remains to be determined what effect elevated temperature has on SARS-CoV-2 replication. Utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) air-liquid interface (ALI) model that closely mimics the natural tissue physiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory airway, we identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Respiratory tissue incubated at 40°C remained permissive to SARS-CoV-2 entry but refractory to viral transcription, leading to significantly reduced levels of viral RNA replication and apical shedding of infectious virus. We identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the differential regulation of epithelial host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection that impact upon multiple pathways, including intracellular immune regulation, without disruption to general transcription or epithelium integrity. We present the first evidence that febrile temperatures associated with COVID-19 inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelia. Our data identify an important role for tissue temperature in the epithelial restriction of SARS-CoV-2 independently of canonical interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral immune defenses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.