ArticleBMJ open2021
Risk factors associated with the coexistence of stunting, underweight, and wasting in children under 5 from 31 sub-Saharan African countries.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coexisting burden of maternal and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Current trends in household food insecurity, dietary diversity, and stunting among children under five in Asia: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Trajectories of child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a multivariate GEE approach.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Maternal Health and Sociodemographic Characteristics Influence Infant Growth to 24 Months in the Tunza Mwana Cohort: A Prospective Cohort Study.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Multilevel Analysis of Severe Anthropometric Failure among Under-Five Children in Benin: A Cross-Sectional Study Using 2017 to 2018 Demographic and Health Survey Data.Annals of global health · 2026Article
- Predicting severe stunting and its determinants among under-five in Eastern African Countries: A machine learning algorithms.PloS one · 2026Article
- Simultaneous Wasting and Stunting (WaSt), Wasting and Anemia (WaAn) and Wasting, Stunting and Anemia (WaStAn) Among Children 6-59 Months in Karamoja, Uganda.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- The impact of poverty on child malnutrition and health in Lebanon: the need for multisectoral interventions.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Under-nutrition and its associated factors among under-five children across urban and rural settings of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative study.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Trends and inequalities in stunting and underweight among children aged 0-59 months in Ghana, 1993-2022.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Seasonal prevalence of child undernutrition and its associated factors in the west Gojjam zone, Ethiopia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Coexisting predictors for undernutrition indices among under-five children in West Africa: application of a multilevel multivariate ordinal logistic regression model.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Childhood wasting and associated factors in Africa: evidence from standard demographic and health surveys from 35 countries.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Residence-based disparities of composite index of anthropometric failures in East African under five children; multivariate decomposition analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A deep learning approach for classifying and predicting children's nutritional status in Ethiopia using LSTM-FC neural networks.BioData mining · 2025Article
- Article
- Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors associated with the coexistence of three undernutrition indicators among children aged 0-23 months in Tanzania.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Global and Chinese growth failure disease burden analysis and projections for adolescents and children, 1990-2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Wasting coexisting with underweight and stunting among children aged 6‒59 months hospitalised in Garissa County Referral Hospital, Kenya.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study investigated the risk factors associated with the coexistence of stunting, underweight, and wasting among children under age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
designData of 127, 487 under-5 children from 31 countries in SSA were pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys collected between 2010 and 2019. We examined the risk of coexistence of stunting, underweight, and wasting using multinomial logistic regression models. The results were presented using relative risk ratios (RRR) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs).
settingThirty-one sub-Saharan African countries.
participantsChildren under age 5. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variables were three child anthropometrics: stunting (height-for-age z-scores); underweight (weight-for-age z-scores) and wasting (weight-for-height z-scores).
resultsThe prevalence of coexistence of stunting, underweight, and wasting varied across countries, with the highest (12.14%) and lowest (0.58%) prevalences of coexistence of stunting, underweight and wasting in Benin and Gambia respectively. The risk of coexistence of the three indicators of undernutrition was higher among children aged 1 year (RRR=3.714; 95% CI 3.319 to 4.156) compared with those aged 0. The risk of coexistence of the three dimensions was lower among female children (RRR=0.468 95% CI 0.420 to 0.51), but higher for those with small size at birth (RRR=3.818; CI 3.383 to 4.308), those whose mothers had no education (RRR=3.291; 95% CI 1.961 to 5.522), not working (RRR=1.195; 95% CI 1.086 to 1.314), had no antenatal visits during pregnancy (RRR=1.364; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.541), children delivered at home (RRR=1.372; CI 1.232 to 1.529), those from poor households (RRR=1.408; 95% CI 1.235 to 1.605), those whose mothers had no access to media (RRR=1.255; 95% CI 1.144 to 1.377) and living in households with an unimproved toilet facility (RRR=1.158; 95% CI 1.032 to 1.300).
conclusionsFindings suggest the urgent need for consideration of the coexistence of stunting, wasting and underweight among under-5 children in policy design and programming of interventions to eradicate child malnutrition in SSA. In the short-term, national-level policies and interventions need to be well tailored considering the compositional characteristics.
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