ArticleBiology of sex differences2021
Sex differences in the immune response to acute COVID-19 respiratory tract infection.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severity-dependent and sex-biased dysregulation of A-to-I RNA editing in COVID-19 reveals CTSS as a key regulatory target.RNA biology · 2026Article
- Transdermal 17β-Estradiol for the Treatment of COVID-19: Protocol of an Early Terminated Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Signatures of Circulating Protein and Cellular Host Responses Predicting COVID-19 Severity.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Symptom Trajectories and Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Matched Case-Control Study with Population-Based Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections in adolescents and young adults: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the concordance between nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs in the detection of COVID-19.Journal of public health in Africa · 2026Article
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- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Impact of prophylactic anticoagulation on hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged over 80 years: a multicenter prospective cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Prognostic Impact of Vaccination, Comorbidity, and Inflammatory Biomarkers on Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Dissecting Sex-Specific Pathology in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected With Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Soluble CD13 is a potential mediator of neutrophil-induced thrombogenic inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of Covid-19 infection trends and in-hospital mortality across six pandemic waves in Tunisia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Plasma Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein (LBP) Is Induced in Critically Ill Females with Gram-Negative Infections-Preliminary Study.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- The effect of COVID-19 and sex differences on natural killer cell cytotoxicity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Marked Global Differences in Mortality in Male Patients with COVID-19: An Analysis of the CARDIO COVID 19-20 and WHF COVID-19 CVD Studies.Global heart · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in the association between migraine, COVID-19, and long COVID: a population-based cohort.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Delineating sex-specific circulating host response signatures associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality.iScience · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSex differences in COVID-19 are increasingly recognized globally. Although infection rates are similar between the sexes, men have more severe illness. The mechanism underlying these sex differences is unknown, but a differential immune response to COVID-19 has been implicated in several recent studies. However, how sex differences shape the immune response to COVID-19 remains understudied.
methodsWe collected demographics and blood samples from over 600 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from May 24th 2020 to April 28th, 2021. These patients were divided into two cohorts: Cohort 1 was further classified into three groups based on the severity of the disease (mild, moderate and severe); Cohort 2 patients were longitudinally followed at three time points from hospital admission (1 day, 7 days, and 14 days). MultiPlex and conventional ELISA were used to examine inflammatory mediator levels in the plasma in both cohorts. Flow cytometry was conducted to examine leukocyte responses in Cohort 2.
resultsThere were more COVID
conclusionSex differences exist in hospitalized patients with acute COVID-19 respiratory tract infection. Exacerbated inflammatory responses were seen in male vs. female patients, even when matched for disease severity. Males appear to have a more robust innate immune response, and females mount a stronger adaptive immune response to COVID-19 respiratory tract infection.
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