ArticleTrials2021
A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA.
Article in Trials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions to reduce self-stigma in people who use drugs: A systematic review.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Pooled it
- Can a participant-referred 'study buddy' increase retention of rural people who use drugs in research? A multi-site, randomized trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Effect of Famotidine on Outcomes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Chest · 2025Trial
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Barriers to Genetics and Precision Medicine Among Rural Participants in a Large Academic Biobank: A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Drug Use and Social Connectivity Related to Hepatitis C Infection Among Rural People Who Use Drugs.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- Intersectionality-Informed HIV Cure-Related Research at the End of Life: A Call to Action.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Clinical Severity and Surgical Burden in Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis: A Six-Year Cohort Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Predictors of Retention in a Clinical Trial of a Fentanyl Overdose Prevention Intervention: Implications for Supporting Participants' Retention in Harm Reduction Research.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Preferences for clinical trial participation among people who use drugs in rural Oregon and Appalachian Ohio.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Vaping, Acculturation, and Social Media Use Among Mexican American College Students: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Web-Based Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- "I'm tired of seeing my friends die": Barriers and facilitators to participating in clinical trials among rural people who use drugs in the United States.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Predictors of engagement in screening for a hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment trial in a rural Appalachian community.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2024Article
- Strategies to Improve Patient-Centered Care for Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 2/4.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Exploring Knowledge and Awareness of HCV Infection and Screening Test: A Cross-Sectional Survey Among an Italian Sample.Journal of community health · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD.
methodsWe recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models.
resultsMost participants were male (55%) and preferred methamphetamine (36%) over heroin (35%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.99).
conclusionsBeyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.
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