SynthesisPloS one2021
Leg length discrepancy: A systematic review on the validity and reliability of clinical assessments and imaging diagnostics used in clinical practice.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reliability of the Biomechanical Assessment of the Sagittal Thoracic Spine on Radiographs Used in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Literature Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Reliability of Biomechanical Mensuration Methods of the Sagittal Cervical Spine in Radiography Used in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Venous Malformation Mimicking Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in a Young Adult With Limb Length Discrepancy.Cureus · 2026Article
- A New Method for Measuring Structural Limb-Length Discrepancy: A Quasi-Experimental Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric ACL Injuries: A Current Concepts Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Reliability and Validity of Plantar Pressures and the Modified ICPBL Test vs. Telemetry for Diagnosing Anatomical Discrepancies: A Pilot Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Measurement Errors in Rotational Stitching, One-Shot, and Slot-Scanning Full-Length Radiography.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Leg Length Discrepancy After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Review of Clinical Assessments, Imaging Diagnostics, and Medico-Legal Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Anthropometric Characteristics, Age, Sex, Drop Height, and Visual Feedback as Predictors of Dynamic Knee Valgus During Single-Leg Drop Landing.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Limb Axis Disorder During Leg Length Discrepancy Treatment with Temporary Epiphysiodesis Using Eight-Plate Implants.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Reliability of the Biomechanical Assessment of the Sagittal Lumbar Spine and Pelvis on Radiographs Used in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The reliability of clinical tools with and without ultrasound guidance to measure leg-length inequality.Ultrasound (Leeds, England) · 2024Article
- Are Anthropometric Measures, Range of Motion, or Movement Control Tests Associated with Lumbopelvic Flexion during Barbell Back Squats?International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- Effects of Artificially Induced Leg Length Discrepancy on Treadmill-Based Walking and Running Symmetry in Healthy College Students: A Lab-Based Experimental Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Comparison of Pelvic Landmarks for Leg Length Discrepancy Measurement With Robotic Arm-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty.Arthroplasty today · 2023Article
- Effects of pelvic obliquity and limb position on radiographic leg length discrepancy measurement: a Sawbones model.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA variety of assessments to determine leg length discrepancy (LLD) is used in clinical practice and evidence about validity and reliability may differ.
objectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to identify and describe the validity and reliability of different assessments and imaging diagnostics for the determination of LLD. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe review was conducted following the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases Medline (PubMed) and Index to Chiropractic Literature were systematically searched. Studies regarding clinical assessments and imaging diagnostics for the diagnosis of LLD, which reported the clinimetric properties for assessment of LLD, were included and screened for methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy (QUADAS-2) tool for validity studies and the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) tool for reliability studies.
resultsThirty-seven articles on clinical assessments and 15 studies on imaging diagnostics met the eligibility criteria. Thirteen studies on the validity of clinical assessments and six studies on the validity of imaging diagnostics had a low risk of bias and low concerns regarding applicability for all domains. One study on the reliability of clinical assessments and one study on the reliability of imaging diagnostics had a low risk of bias. Main limitations were, that an analysis of sensitivity and specificity was only performed in a few studies and that a valid reference standard was lacking in numerous studies on clinical assessments.
conclusionsFor the clinical assessment of LLD, the block test appears to be the most useful method. Full-length standing anteroposterior radiography seems to be the most valid and reliable method and may be used as global reference standard to measure the anatomic LLD when comparing clinical methods and imaging diagnostics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.