ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2021
A New Method for Visualizing Drusen and Their Progression in Flood-Illumination Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy.
Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-Resolution and Multimodal Structural Phenotyping of Intermediate and Advanced Non-Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Multimodal imaging of photoreceptor and vascular changes in lamellar macular hole and epiretinal membrane-associated foveoschisis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Characterization of retinal pigment epithelium layer in healthy and diseased retinas with high-resolution adaptive optics transscleral flood illumination imaging.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Cuticular Drusen Associated Photoreceptor and RPE Optical Property Perturbation Revealed by Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- In-Vivo Characterization of Healthy Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor Cells from AO-(T)FI Imaging.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- Article
- Features of intermediate and late dry age-related macular degeneration on adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: Pinnacle Study Report 8.Eye (London, England) · 2025Observational
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- Foveolar Drusen Decrease Fixation Stability in Pre-Symptomatic AMD.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Clinical Application of Adaptive Optics Imaging in Diagnosis, Management, and Monitoring of Ophthalmological Diseases: A Narrative Review.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Review
- Comprehensive automatic processing and analysis of adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images on healthy subjects.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited].Biomedical optics express · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Drusen are dynamic sub-RPE deposits that are risk factors for late-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we show a new imaging method using flood-illumination adaptive optics (FIAO) that reveal drusen with high contrast and resolution. Methods: A fovea-centered 4° × 4° FIAO image and eight surrounding images with gaze displaced by ±2° vertically and horizontally were acquired. Clinical color fundus and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were acquired for clinical grading and comparison. Custom software registered overlapping FIAO images and fused the data statistically to generate a fovea-centered 4° × 4° gaze-dependent image. Our dataset included 15 controls (aged 31-72) and 182 eyes from 104 AMD patients (aged 56-92), graded as either normal aging (n = 7), and early (n = 12), intermediate (n = 108) and late AMD (n = 42); 27 had subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), and 83 were imaged longitudinally. Results: No gaze varying structures were detected in young eyes. In aging eyes with no evidence of age-related changes, putative drusen <20 µm in diameter were visible. Gaze-dependent images revealed more drusen and many smaller drusen than visible in color fundus images. Longitudinal images showed expansion and fusion of drusen. SDDs were lower contrast, and RPE atrophy did not yield a consistent signal. Conclusions: Gaze-dependent imaging in a commercially available FIAO fundus camera combined with image registration and postprocessing permits visualization of drusen and their progression with high contrast and resolution. Translational Relevance: This new technique offers promise as a robust and sensitive method to detect, map, quantify, and monitor the dynamics of drusen in aging and AMD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.