ArticleBioMed research international2021
Exosomes Derived from M2 Macrophages Exert a Therapeutic Effect via Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Rats with Knee Osteoarthritic.
Article in BioMed research international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Small extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis: A double‑edged sword regulating inflammation and cartilage homeostasis (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The vicious cycle from inflammation to pyroptosis: the core role of macrophage polarization imbalance in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Nanoscale Delivery of MicroRNAs via Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms Potential in Modulating Cellular Senescence.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Research progress and prospects of exosomes from diverse cellular sources in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a narrative review.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
- Therapeutic potential of SOX family transcription factors in osteoarthritis.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- The crosstalk among macrophages, chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis: the role of extracellular vesicles.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned M2 macrophages alleviate degeneration in knee osteoarthritis through the miR‑124‑3p/STAT3 axis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in Regenerative Therapies for Inflammatory Arthritis: Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- M2 Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vehicles-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid-Alginate Hydrogel for Treatment of Osteoarthritis.Orthopaedic surgery · 2025Article
- Macrophage exosomes mediate palmitic acid-induced metainflammation by transferring miR-3064-5p to target IκBα and activate NF-κB signaling.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Platelet-rich plasma combined with isometric quadriceps contraction regulates autophagy in chondrocytes via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote cartilage repair in knee osteoarthritis.Regenerative therapy · 2025Article
- Tumour-derived exosomal miR-205 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression through M2 macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
- Exosomal miR-122 derived from M2 macrophages induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of alcoholic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles: new therapies for cartilage repair.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Exosomes Associated with Rheumatic Diseases in the 21st Century.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Exosomes in cartilage microenvironment regulation and cartilage repair.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- The communication role of extracellular vesicles in the osteoarthritis microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Therapeutics of the future: Navigating the pitfalls of extracellular vesicles research from an osteoarthritis perspective.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Review
- Emerging Roles of Macrophage Polarization in Osteoarthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Orthopaedic surgery · 2024Review
- Immune Cell-Derived Exosomes in Inflammatory Disease and Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment: A Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are commonly classified as M1 macrophages or M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages are obtained by stimulation of IL-4 with anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects. Exosomes are 30-150 nm lipid bilayer membrane vesicles derived from most living cells and have a variety of biological functions. Previous studies have shown that macrophage exosomes can influence the course of some autoimmune diseases, but their effect on knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has not been reported. Here, we analyze the roles of exosomes derived from M2 macrophage phenotypes in KOA rats. Exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of M2 macrophages and identified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting, and DLS. The results showed that M2 macrophage exosomes significantly attenuated the inflammatory response and pathological damage of articular cartilage in KOA rats. In addition, a key protein associated with KOA including Aggrecan, Col-10, SOX6, and Runx2 was significantly increased, while MMP-13 was significantly suppressed following treatment with M2 macrophage exosomes. The present study indicated that M2 macrophage exosomes exerted protective effects on KOA rats mainly mediated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. These findings provide a novel approach for the treatment of KOA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.