ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Antiviral Responses in Cancer: Boosting Antitumor Immunity Through Activation of Interferon Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy in Dogs.Viruses · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Expression and Immunogenicity of Human Endogenous Retroviral Proteins in Cancer and Discussion of Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Addition of oncolytic virotherapy to clinical isolated limb perfusion for melanoma and sarcoma activates antitumor immunity.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- CX3CR1⁺ CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells drive tumor killing in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma during neoadjuvant therapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inflammatory cytokines induce new cancer dependencies.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Lymph node-targeted DNA engages TBK1/IFN-I-driven innate immunity to induce potent T cell responses and durable memory in mice and NHPs.Science advances · 2026Article
- First-in-human single-cell and TCR atlas reveals peripheral immune remodeling before and after irreversible electroporation in prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- A monocyte-centered framework for predicting immunochemotherapy efficacy in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Trimethylamine-producing microbe Bacillus megaterium KCTC 3007 promotes antitumor immunity in endometrial cancer via type I interferon response pathways.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Improved oncolytic and immunostimulatory activity of the spontaneousMolecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- Article
- The Emerging Role of Nanocarrier-Based Delivery Systems for cGAS-STING Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Persistent IFN-I signaling associated with the HIV-1 reservoir fuels immune exhaustion and reveals therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Enhancing melanoma treatment through systemic delivery of an immune boosting Staphylococcus epidermidis strain.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Type 1 interferon signalling orchestrated by gut microbiota suppresses IgE-mediated anaphylaxis associated with vitamin D3 signalling.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Article
- Dynamic Tracking of Tumor Microenvironment Modulation Using Kaede Photoconvertible Transgenic Mice Unveils New Biological Properties of Viral Immunotherapy.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, it became apparent that cancers either associated with viral infections or aberrantly expressing endogenous retroviral elements (EREs) are more immunogenic, exhibiting an intense intra-tumor immune cell infiltration characterized by a robust cytolytic apparatus. On the other hand, epigenetic regulation of EREs is crucial to maintain steady-state conditions and cell homeostasis. In line with this, epigenetic disruptions within steady-state cells can lead to cancer development and trigger the release of EREs into the cytoplasmic compartment. As such, detection of viral molecules by intracellular innate immune sensors leads to the production of type I and type III interferons that act to induce an antiviral state, thus restraining viral replication. This knowledge has recently gained momentum due to the possibility of triggering intratumoral activation of interferon responses, which could be used as an adjuvant to elicit strong anti-tumor immune responses that ultimately lead to a cascade of cytokine production. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being tested using this rationale to improve responses to cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms operating in viral infections, show evidence that exogenous viruses and endogenous retroviruses in cancer may enhance tumor immunogenicity, dissect the epigenetic control of EREs, and point to interferon pathway activation in the tumor milieu as a promising molecular predictive marker and immunotherapy target. Finally, we briefly discuss current strategies to modulate these responses within tumor tissues, including the clinical use of innate immune receptor agonists and DNA demethylating agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.