ReviewFrontiers in human neuroscience2021
Spontaneous Fluctuations in Oscillatory Brain State Cause Differences in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects Within and Between Individuals.
Review in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- State-Guided TMS-EEG for N100 Enhancement Study Based on Whole-Brain EEG Microstates.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Phase-dependent stimulation response is shaped by the brain's dynamic functional connectivity.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Embracing Internal States: A Review of Optimization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treating Depression.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- μ-Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Induces Phasic Entrainment and Plastic Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Influence of Large-Scale Brain State Dynamics on the Evoked Response to Brain Stimulation.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Transcranial alternating current stimulation in affecting cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders: a review.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Review
- Balance of power: The choice between trial and participant numbers to optimise the detection of phase-dependent effects.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Brain State-Dependent Non-Invasive Neurostimulation with EEG Feedback: Achievements and Prospects (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2023Review
- A cognitive task, deep breathing, and static stretching reduce variability of motor evoked potentials during subsequent transcranial magnetic stimulation.Brain research · 2023Article
- Advances in neuroimaging studies of alcohol use disorder (AUD).Psychoradiology · 2022Review
- Simultaneous EEG-fMRI: What Have We Learned and What Does the Future Hold?Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Concurrent TMS-fMRI: Technical Challenges, Developments, and Overview of Previous Studies.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Considering brain state for individualized functional connectivity-based rTMS.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
- Extracting reproducible components from electroencephalographic responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation with group task-related component analysis.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
- Mind matters: A narrative review on affective state-dependency in non-invasive brain stimulation.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can cause measurable effects on neural activity and behavioral performance in healthy volunteers. In addition, TMS is increasingly used in clinical practice for treating various neuropsychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, TMS-induced effects show large intra- and inter-subject variability, hindering its reliability, and efficacy. One possible source of this variability may be the spontaneous fluctuations of neuronal oscillations. We present recent studies using multimodal TMS including TMS-EMG (electromyography), TMS-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation), and concurrent TMS-EEG-fMRI (electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging), to evaluate how individual oscillatory brain state affects TMS signal propagation within targeted networks. We demonstrate how the spontaneous oscillatory state at the time of TMS influences both immediate and longer-lasting TMS effects. These findings indicate that at least part of the variability in TMS efficacy may be attributable to the current practice of ignoring (spontaneous) oscillatory fluctuations during TMS. Ignoring this state-dependent spread of activity may cause great individual variability which so far is poorly understood and has proven impossible to control. We therefore also compare two technical solutions to directly account for oscillatory state during TMS, namely, to use (a) tACS to externally control these oscillatory states and then apply TMS at the optimal (controlled) brain state, or (b) oscillatory state-triggered TMS (closed-loop TMS). The described multimodal TMS approaches are paramount for establishing more robust TMS effects, and to allow enhanced control over the individual outcome of TMS interventions aimed at modulating information flow in the brain to achieve desirable changes in cognition, mood, and behavior.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.