Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34924802›Full record

ReviewSaudi journal of biological sciences2022

Emergence, evolution, and vaccine production approaches of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Benefits of getting vaccinated and common questions.

Abdallah A Hassanin, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Javed Ahmed Ujjan, Ayshah Aysh ALrashidi, Basel M Sitohy, Ameena A Al-Surhanee, Ahmed M Saad, Tahani Mohamed Al-Hazani, Osama Osman Atallah, Khalid M Al Syaad and 4 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Saudi journal of biological sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Improvement of German Chamomile (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Abdallah A HassaninDepartment of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
Sayed Haidar Abbas RazaState Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
Javed Ahmed UjjanDepartment of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan.
Ayshah Aysh ALrashidiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia.
Basel M SitohyDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
Ameena A Al-SurhaneeBiology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed M SaadDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
Tahani Mohamed Al-HazaniBiology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 83, Al-Kharj 11940, Saudi Arabia.
Osama Osman AtallahDepartment of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
Khalid M Al SyaadBiology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed Ezzat AhmedBiology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ayman A SwelumDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed T El-SaadonyDepartment of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
Mahmoud Z SitohyDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Wuhan city, China at the end of 2019 made it urgent to identify the origin of the causal pathogen and its molecular evolution, to appropriately design an effective vaccine. This study analyzes the evolutionary background of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-2) in accordance with its close relative SARS-CoV (SARS-1), which was emerged in 2002. A comparative genomic and proteomic study was conducted on SARS-2, SARS-1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS), which was emerged in 2012. In silico analysis inferred the genetic variability among the tested viruses. The SARS-1 genome harbored 11 genes encoding 12 proteins, while SARS-2 genome contained only 10 genes encoding for 10 proteins. MERS genome contained 11 genes encoding 11 proteins. The analysis also revealed a slight variation in the whole genome size of SARS-2 comparing to its siblings resulting from sequential insertions and deletions (indels) throughout the viral genome particularly ORF1AB, spike, ORF10 and ORF8. The effective indels were observed in the gene encoding the spike protein that is responsible for viral attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor and initiating infection. These indels are responsible for the newly emerging COVID-19 variants αCoV, βCoV, γCoV and δCoV. Nowadays, few effective COVID-19 vaccines developed based on spike (S) glycoprotein were approved and become available worldwide. Currently available vaccines can relatively prevent the spread of COVID-19 and suppress the disease. The traditional (killed or attenuated virus vaccine and antibody-based vaccine) and innovated vaccine production technologies (RNA- and DNA-based vaccines and viral vectors) are summarized in this review. We finally highlight the most common questions related to COVID-19 disease and the benefits of getting vaccinated.

Indexed as

ACE2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2BLAST, Basic Local Alignment Search ToolCD4, Helper T lymphocytes express cluster determinant 4CD8, cytotoxic T cells express cluster determinant 8CDC, Centers of Disease ControlCoronavirusCOVID-19COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019Del, Deletion(E), envelopeGenomicsIns, InsertionmAbs, monoclonal antibodiesMDCK, Madin-Darby Canine KidneyMERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(M), membraneNCBI, National Center for Biotechnology InformationNJ, neighbor-joining(N), nucleocapsidNSP, nonstructural proteinNTD,  N-Terminal DomainORF, Open Reading FramePCR, polymerase chain reactionPID, percentage identityProteomicsRBD, receptor binding domainSARS-CoV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1SARS-COV-2SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(S), SpikeUTR, Untranslated regionVaccinesVOC, variants of concernWHO, World Health Organization

Identifiers

PMID34924802
PMCPMC8667566

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.