Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34921118›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

Genetic studies of human-chimpanzee divergence using stem cell fusions.

Janet H T Song, Rachel L Grant, Veronica C Behrens, Marek Kučka, Garrett A Roberts Kingman, Volker Soltys, Yingguang Frank Chan, David M Kingsley

Erratum issuedOpen access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
2.0field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Evolution of CTCF binding sites in the human genome.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Shaping the Neocortex: Radial Glia and Astrocytes in Development and Evolution.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Cell-type-specificeLife · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Janet H T SongDepartment of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.
Rachel L GrantDepartment of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.
Veronica C BehrensDepartment of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.ORCID 0000-0002-2006-9350
Marek KučkaFriedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0928-4914
Garrett A Roberts KingmanDepartment of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.ORCID 0000-0002-1910-3005
Volker SoltysFriedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Yingguang Frank ChanFriedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-6292-9681
David M KingsleyDepartment of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; kingsley@stanford.edu.
Stanford University · USMax Planck Society · DE

Funding

GENETICS TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PHD CANDIDATEST32GM007790 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BRUNET, ANNE, KINGSLEY, DAVID M · 1985 to 2020
$12.8M
NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007790
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Complete genome sequencing has identified millions of DNA changes that differ between humans and chimpanzees. Although a subset of these changes likely underlies important phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees, it is currently difficult to distinguish causal from incidental changes and to map specific phenotypes to particular genome locations. To facilitate further genetic study of human-chimpanzee divergence, we have generated human and chimpanzee autotetraploids and allotetraploids by fusing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of each species. The resulting tetraploid iPSCs can be stably maintained and retain the ability to differentiate along ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm lineages. RNA sequencing identifies thousands of genes whose expression differs between humans and chimpanzees when assessed in single-species diploid or autotetraploid iPSCs. Analysis of gene expression patterns in interspecific allotetraploid iPSCs shows that human-chimpanzee expression differences arise from substantial contributions of both

Indexed as

Genetic VariationGenomicsAnimalsCell FusionChromosome MappingEvolution, MolecularGenomeHumansInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsPan troglodytesPloidiesSpecies SpecificityTranscriptomecis/trans gene regulationgenetic mappinghuman–chimpanzee evolutiontetraploid

Identifiers

PMID34921118
PMCPMC8713981
OpenAlexW4226282955

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.