ArticleJournal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology2022
Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 for more than one year - kinetics and persistence of detection are predominantly determined by avidity progression and test design.
Article in Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of early COVID-19 treatment with convalescent plasma on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Trial
- Using forensic autopsy data to estimate the age-specific infection fatality risk of COVID-19.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Anti-spike IgG Avidity Enhances Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Prospective Study of Primary Infections and Immunizations.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Estimating the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections by jointly modelling seroprevalence, hospitalization and mortality data, February 2020 - January 2021, Belgium.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Article
- Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Rural Community in Western Kenya during the First 24 Months of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Neutralizing antibody durability and SARS-CoV-2 infection in older adults six months after XBB-containing vaccine booster.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- The diagnostic utility of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity in distinguishing between past and acute infection of West Nile Virus (WNV).Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of infection-induced antibody levels with risk of subsequent SARS-COV-2 reinfection among healthcare professionals, Rhode Island, 1 March 2020-17 February 2021.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Nationwide population-based infection- and vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Germany in autumn/winter 2021/2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Serologic Evidence for Early SARS-CoV-2 Circulation in Lima, Peru, 2020.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Antibody Avidity Maturation Following Booster Vaccination with an Intranasal Adenovirus Salnavac Vaccine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among people living with HIV in the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Cohort, 2020-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Characterisation of the antibody-mediated selective pressure driving intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in prolonged infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Berlin Kindergarten Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study, September 2021.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A bead-based multiplex assay covering all coronaviruses pathogenic for humans for sensitive and specific surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Studying temporal titre evolution of commercial SARS-CoV-2 assays reveals significant shortcomings of using BAU standardization for comparison.Virology journal · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 requires an understanding of its variation, course, and duration.
methodsAntibody response to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated over 5-430 days on 828 samples across COVID-19 severity levels, for total antibody (TAb), IgG, IgA, IgM, neutralizing antibody (NAb), antibody avidity, and for receptor-binding-domain (RBD), spike (S), or nucleoprotein (N). Specificity was determined on 676 pre-pandemic samples.
resultsSensitivity at 30-60 days post symptom onset (pso) for TAb-S/RBD, TAb-N, IgG-S, IgG-N, IgA-S, IgM-RBD, and NAb was 96.6%, 99.5%, 89.7%, 94.3%, 80.9%, 76.9% and 92.8%, respectively. Follow-up 430 days pso revealed: TAb-S/RBD increased slightly (100.0%); TAb-N decreased slightly (97.1%); IgG-S and IgA-S decreased moderately (81.4%, 65.7%); NAb remained positive (94.3%), slightly decreasing in activity after 300 days; there was correlation with IgG-S (Rs = 0.88) and IgA-S (Rs = 0.71); IgG-N decreased significantly from day 120 (15.7%); IgM-RBD dropped after 30-60 days (22.9%). High antibody avidity developed against S/RBD steadily with time in 94.3% of patients after 430 days. This correlated with persistent antibody detection depending on antibody-binding efficiency of the test design. Severe COVID-19 correlated with earlier and higher antibody response, mild COVID-19 was heterogeneous with a wide range of antibody reactivities. Specificity of the tests was ≥99%, except for IgA (96%).
conclusionSensitivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays was determined by test design, target antigen, antibody avidity, and COVID-19 severity. Sustained antibody detection was mainly determined by avidity progression for RBD and S. Testing by TAb and for S/RBD provided the highest sensitivity and longest detection duration of 14 months so far.
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