ArticleJournal of affective disorders2022
Prevalence and determinants of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven countries: Longitudinal evidence from the European COvid Survey (ECOS).
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06124014 (Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Young Adults: Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Fear of COVID-19, stress and depression: A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of anxiety.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Gaming disorder: Prevalence and association with psychosocial outcomes in the German general adult population.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Analysis of COVID-19-Related Influencing Variables and Post-Traumatic Growth Differences Depending on the Type of Depressive Symptoms Using Latent Profile Analysis.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Mental health status of workers in the semiconductor industry during the COVID-19 pandemic: comparisons between regions on three continents.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Long COVID and psychosocial factors among middle-aged and older adults. Results of the nationally representative German Ageing Survey.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Does timing matter? The role of health information shocks in measuring willingness to pay.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2025Article
- Experience of financial hardship and depression: a longitudinal population-based multi-state analysis.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of Dark Triad personality traits on COVID-19 vaccination uptake and prevention efforts: insights from the European Covid Survey (ECOS).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Depressive symptomatology in Brazil: perspectives of statistical and psychometrics analyses of the PHQ-9 at four time-points (2020-2023) in the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Close to the border-Resilience in healthcare in a European border region: Findings of a needs analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Braving the waves: exploring capability well-being patterns in seven European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Observational
- The association between the sense of control and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Changes in mental distress among employees during the three years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Temporal dynamics of socioeconomic inequalities in depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Mental health in Ireland during the Covid pandemic: Evidence from two longitudinal surveys.PloS one · 2024Article
- Creativity and productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The effects of COVID-19-era unemployment and business closures upon the physical and mental health of older Europeans: Mediation through financial circumstances and social activity.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Fear of war and mental health in Germany.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2023Article
- The beneficial role of personality in preserving well-being during the pandemic: A longitudinal population study.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
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7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOur aim was to present data on the prevalence of probable depression and anxiety and to determine their correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven European countries using a longitudinal approach.
methodsLongitudinal data (wave 4 in November 2020: n = 7,115; wave 5 in January 2021: n = 7,068; wave 6 in April 2021: n = 7,204) were taken from the European COvid Survey (ECOS), a representative sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants from Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Portugal and Italy aged 18+. Probable depression and anxiety were quantified using the established and validated PHQ-4 (2-item depression scale, PHQ-2 / 2-item anxiety scale, GAD-2).
resultsIn wave 4 (wave 5; wave 6), 26.6% (25.5%; 23.8%) of all respondents had probable depression and 25.7% (23.6%; 22.1%) had probable anxiety. Prevalence rates for probable depression and probable anxiety differed significantly between countries. Among all countries and waves, particularly high prevalence rates were found among individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Longitudinal analysis showed that the likelihood of probable depression was positively associated with increasing age, great income difficulties and lower health-related quality of life. The likelihood of probable anxiety was positively associated with income difficulties, and lower health-related quality of life. LIMITATIONS: Screening tool was used to quantify the outcomes.
conclusionThe magnitude of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in European countries was highlighted. Moreover, determining the factors associated with probable depression or anxiety (e.g., income difficulties, worse health-related quality of life) may assist in identifying individuals at increased risk.
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