ArticleThe Plant cell2022
TOR promotes guard cell starch degradation by regulating the activity of β-AMYLASE1 in Arabidopsis.
Article in The Plant cell, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Methodological considerations in the analysis of guard cell starch metabolism.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- Phosphorylation of WDR48 by phototropins drives starch degradation to promote stomatal opening.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Magnesium: An overlooked signalling ion in plant physiology and circadian regulation.Quantitative plant biology · 2026Review
- Microalgal starch: regulation of its quantity and roles.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Identification of a novel stomatal opening chemical, PP242, that inhibits early abscisic acid signal transduction in guard cells.Plant & cell physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Target of rapamycin signaling regulates starch degradation via α-glucan water dikinase in a unicellular red alga.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- TOR Mediates Stress Responses Through Global Regulation of Metabolome in Plants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Regulatory-associated protein of target of rapamycin 1B (RAPTOR 1B) interconnects with the photoperiod pathway to promote flowering inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Starch metabolism in guard cells: At the intersection of environmental stimuli and stomatal movement.Plant physiology · 2024Review
- Posttranslational regulation of photosynthetic activity via the TOR kinase in plants.Science advances · 2024Article
- Hydrogen peroxide is required for light-induced stomatal opening across different plant species.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Leaf starch metabolism sets the phase of stomatal rhythm.The Plant cell · 2023Article
- Transcription factors ABF4 and ABR1 synergistically regulate amylase-mediated starch catabolism in drought tolerance.Plant physiology · 2023Article
- Mapping of the plant SnRK1 kinase signalling network reveals a key regulatory role for the class II T6P synthase-like proteins.Nature plants · 2022Article
- Maize ZmBES1/BZR1-3 and -9 Transcription Factors Negatively Regulate Drought Tolerance in TransgenicInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Guarding the gates: TOR mediates guard cell starch degradation to control stomatal opening.The Plant cell · 2022Article
- A banana transcriptional repressor MaAP2a participates in fruit starch degradation during postharvest ripening.Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Starch is the main energy storage carbohydrate in plants and serves as an essential carbon storage molecule for plant metabolism and growth under changing environmental conditions. The TARGET of RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator that integrates energy, nutrient, hormone, and stress signaling to regulate growth in all eukaryotes. Here, we demonstrate that TOR promotes guard cell starch degradation and induces stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Starvation caused by plants growing under short photoperiod or low light photon irradiance, as well as inactivation of TOR, impaired guard cell starch degradation and stomatal opening. Sugar and TOR induce the accumulation of β-AMYLASE1 (BAM1), which is responsible for starch degradation in guard cells. The plant steroid hormone brassinosteroid and transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 play crucial roles in sugar-promoted expression of BAM1. Furthermore, sugar supply induced BAM1 accumulation, but TOR inactivation led to BAM1 degradation, and the effects of TOR inactivation on BAM1 degradation were abolished by the inhibition of autophagy and proteasome pathways or by phospho-mimicking mutation of BAM1 at serine-31. Such regulation of BAM1 activity by sugar-TOR signaling allows carbon availability to regulate guard cell starch metabolism and stomatal movement, ensuring optimal photosynthesis efficiency of plants.
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