ArticlePloS one2021
The confounding effects of eye blinking on pupillometry, and their remedy.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pupil size measurements with two multifunctional devices based on different technologies and an infrared based pupillometer.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Arousal state modulates human hippocampal ripples.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Investigating the test-retest reliability and behavioral correlates of pupil responses in the n-back task.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The effect of virtual reality modality level of immersion and locomotion on Spatial learning and gaze measures.Virtual reality · 2026Article
- Pupillary Hippus as a Biomarker: Spectral Signatures and Complexity Approaches in Autonomic and Clinical Contexts.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Preprocessing Pipeline for Pupillometry Signal from Multimodal iMotion Data.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pupil dilation underlies the peripheral drift illusion.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Fixational saccade inhibition and pupil dilation during self-paced limb movement preparation.PloS one · 2025Article
- Pupillary response test as a potential early diagnosis biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.Dementia & neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Cross-species real-time detection of trends in pupil size fluctuation.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Blink-induced changes in pupil dynamics are consistent and heritable.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cross-species real time detection of trends in pupil size fluctuation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Blink-induced changes in pupil dynamics are consistent and heritable.Research square · 2024Article
- Ocular working memory signals are flexible to behavioral priority and subjective imagery strength.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Pupillometry and autonomic nervous system responses to cognitive load and false feedback: an unsupervised machine learning approach.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Pupil dilation response elicited by violations of auditory regularities is a promising but challenging approach to probe consciousness at the bedside.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Methods in cognitive pupillometry: Design, preprocessing, and statistical analysis.Behavior research methods · 2023Article
- Pupillometry and the vigilance decrement: Task-evoked but not baseline pupil measures reflect declining performance in visual vigilance tasks.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Article
- Reduced Eye Blinking During Sentence Listening Reflects Increased Cognitive Load in Challenging Auditory Conditions.Trends in hearingArticle
- Pupil Responses During Interactive Conversation.Trends in hearingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pupillometry, thanks to its strong relationship with cognitive factors and recent advancements in measuring techniques, has become popular among cognitive or neural scientists as a tool for studying the physiological processes involved in mental or neural processes. Despite this growing popularity of pupillometry, the methodological understanding of pupillometry is limited, especially regarding potential factors that may threaten pupillary measurements' validity. Eye blinking can be a factor because it frequently occurs in a manner dependent on many cognitive components and induces a pulse-like pupillary change consisting of constriction and dilation with substantive magnitude and length. We set out to characterize the basic properties of this "blink-locked pupillary response (BPR)," including the shape and magnitude of BPR and their variability across subjects and blinks, as the first step of studying the confounding nature of eye blinking. Then, we demonstrated how the dependency of eye blinking on cognitive factors could confound, via BPR, the pupillary responses that are supposed to reflect the cognitive states of interest. By building a statistical model of how the confounding effects of eye blinking occur, we proposed a probabilistic-inference algorithm of de-confounding raw pupillary measurements and showed that the proposed algorithm selectively removed BPR and enhanced the statistical power of pupillometry experiments. Our findings call for attention to the presence and confounding nature of BPR in pupillometry. The algorithm we developed here can be used as an effective remedy for the confounding effects of BPR on pupillometry.
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