ArticleBehavior research methods2022
PDSTD - The Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Introducing the Naturalistic Expression Labeling Task (NELT): Associations with posed expression labeling, empathy, and general cognitive ability.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Faking It Isn't Making It: Research Needs Spontaneous and Naturalistic Facial Expressions.Affective science · 2026Article
- The Emotional Crying Behavior Dataset (ECBD): A comprehensive resource to study the multifaceted nature of emotional crying.Behavior research methods · 2025Article
- Development of the RIKEN database for dynamic facial expressions with multiple angles.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Human and machine recognition of dynamic and static facial expressions: prototypicality, ambiguity, and complexity.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
The vast majority of research on human emotional tears has relied on posed and static stimulus materials. In this paper, we introduce the Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database (PDSTD), a free resource comprising video recordings of 24 female encoders depicting a balanced representation of sadness stimuli with and without tears. Encoders watched a neutral film and a self-selected sad film and reported their emotional experience for 9 emotions. Extending this initial validation, we obtained norming data from an independent sample of naïve observers (N = 91, 45 females) who watched videos of the encoders during three time phases (neutral, pre-sadness, sadness), yielding a total of 72 validated recordings. Observers rated the expressions during each phase on 7 discrete emotions, negative and positive valence, arousal, and genuineness. All data were analyzed by means of general linear mixed modelling (GLMM) to account for sources of random variance. Our results confirm the successful elicitation of sadness, and demonstrate the presence of a tear effect, i.e., a substantial increase in perceived sadness for spontaneous dynamic weeping. To our knowledge, the PDSTD is the first database of spontaneously elicited dynamic tears and sadness that is openly available to researchers. The stimuli can be accessed free of charge via OSF from https://osf.io/uyjeg/?view_only=24474ec8d75949ccb9a8243651db0abf .
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