SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2021
Non-linear Methods Predominant in Fetal Heart Rate Analysis: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Time-surrogate variables enhance the association between cardiotocographic features and intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Predicting Intrapartum Acidemia: A Review of Approaches Based on Fetal Heart Rate.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Doppler signal analysis of the tricuspid valve in healthy fetuses during the first trimester: a cohort study.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2026Article
- Association of normal-range fetal heart rate variations during labor with umbilical cord arterial blood gas parameters and neonatal outcomes: A cross-sectional study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2025Article
- Time-Dependent Association Between Cardiotocographic Features and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions · 2025Article
- Construction of a comprehensive fetal monitoring database for the study of perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.MethodsX · 2024Article
- Hybrid-FHR: a multi-modal AI approach for automated fetal acidosis diagnosis.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Computerised Cardiotocography Analysis for the Automated Detection of Fetal Compromise during Labour: A Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Computerized cardiotocography analysis during labor - A state-of-the-art review.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Review
- Machine learning models based on clinical indices and cardiotocographic features for discriminating asphyxia fetuses-Porto retrospective intrapartum study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Methodological Considerations in the Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Human Movement among Healthy Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Nonlinear Measures in Data Processing.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A deep learning mixed-data type approach for the classification of FHR signals.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Heart rate variability: A biomarker of frailty in older adults?Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The analysis of fetal heart rate variability has served as a scientific and diagnostic tool to quantify cardiac activity fluctuations, being good indicators of fetal well-being. Many mathematical analyses were proposed to evaluate fetal heart rate variability. We focused on non-linear analysis based on concepts of chaos, fractality, and complexity: entropies, compression, fractal analysis, and wavelets. These methods have been successfully applied in the signal processing phase and increase knowledge about cardiovascular dynamics in healthy and pathological fetuses. This review summarizes those methods and investigates how non-linear measures are related to each paper's research objectives. Of the 388 articles obtained in the PubMed/Medline database and of the 421 articles in the Web of Science database, 270 articles were included in the review after all exclusion criteria were applied. While approximate entropy is the most used method in classification papers, in signal processing, the most used non-linear method was Daubechies wavelets. The top five primary research objectives covered by the selected papers were detection of signal processing, hypoxia, maturation or gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal distress. This review shows that non-linear indices can be used to assess numerous prenatal conditions. However, they are not yet applied in clinical practice due to some critical concerns. Some studies show that the combination of several linear and non-linear indices would be ideal for improving the analysis of the fetus's well-being. Future studies should narrow the research question so a meta-analysis could be performed, probing the indices' performance.
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