ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2021
TGF-β Signaling and Resistance to Cancer Therapy.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05637216 (A Pilot Study of Losartan to Reduce Radiation Induced Fibrosis in Breast Cancer Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 122 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pilot Study of Losartan to Reduce Radiation Induced Fibrosis in Breast Cancer Patients
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 187 citations in OpenAlex.
- Signaling pathway mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment and emerging targeting strategies for improved prognosis.Oncology reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic and clinicopathological roles of circular RNA expression in chemoresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Development of a Classifier for Metabolic Subtypes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma to Guide Personalized Immunotherapy Strategies: Biomarker Analysis of the Phase III CONTINUUM and DIPPER Trials.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Trial
- Identification and biological evaluation of benzimidazole-based compounds as novel TGFβR1 inhibitors.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Nrf2 and PGC-1α signaling in temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma under hypoxia.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- Age-stratified mutation patterns in early-onset colorectal cancer reveal distinct molecular features and therapeutic implications.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Functional Depth Biomarkers Distinguish Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Lung Adenocarcinoma.Research square · 2026Article
- Cardiac mechanotransduction from development to disease.APL bioengineering · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Up-to-Date Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- ZNF469 drives TGF-β1/SMAD3-mediated extracellular matrix regulation in pulmonary fibrosis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Article
- Curcumin and Cancer-Related Inflammation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- [Ethanol promotes oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer by activating the TGF‑β/Smad/P21 signaling axis].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- A network-based deep learning model integrating subclonal architecture for therapy response prediction in cancer.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Breast cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of immune evasion, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Rapid CAR screening and circRNA-driven CAR-NK cells for persistent shed-resistant immunotherapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Signalling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and invasion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Review
- Engineering Bi-Specific CAR-NK Cells to Restore Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Solid Tumors.Cells · 2026Article
- Characterization and clinical implications of CpG island methylator phenotypes of resistant tumors.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- TGF-β: The Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis - insights into SMAD Pathways and Gene Therapy Prospects.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- MYC at the tumor-immune interface: mechanisms of immune escape and immunotherapy resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in advanced cancer, is considered to act as a double-edged sword in cancer. Multiple inhibitors have been developed to target TGF-β signaling, but results from clinical trials were inconsistent, suggesting that the functions of TGF-β in human cancers are not yet fully explored. Multiple drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapy; emerging evidence indicates that TGF-β signaling may be a key factor in cancer resistance to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Finally, combining anti-TGF-β therapy with other cancer therapy is an attractive venue to be explored for the treatment of therapy-resistant cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.