ArticleNature communications2021
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by shark variable new antigen receptors elucidated through X-ray crystallography.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- In vitro selection of VNAR antibodies using bioinformatics-based library design and cDNA display.Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- A shark variable new antigen receptor recognizes an occluded epitope of fibroblast activation protein.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A Rationally Designed Novel Bifunctional Human TNF-α- and Janus Kinase-Targeted soloMER Drug Conjugate (SDC) with a Neutrophil Elastase Cleavable Linker Delivering Inflammation Site-Specific Release of Payload.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- A MET-Targeted Variable New Antigen Receptor (VNAR) Theranostic for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Chronic and non-canonical cGAS-STING activation: implications for health, disease, cancer, and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- The structural basis for the selective antagonism of soluble TNF-alpha by shark variable new antigen receptors.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Neutralizing Antibodies vs. Viruses: Interacting Mechanisms and Escape Tactics.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- The characterization of variable new antigen receptors targeting FAP isolated from a novel immunized library.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Generation of shark single-domain antibodies as an aid for Cryo-EM structure determination of membrane proteins: Use hyaluronan synthase as an example.Journal of structural biology: X · 2025Article
- CoupleVAE: coupled variational autoencoders for predicting perturbational single-cell RNA sequencing data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Development of FAP-targeted theranostics discovered by next-generation sequencing-augmented mining of a novel immunized VNAR library.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Unique antibodies across the animal kingdom (birds, camelids, and sharks): therapeutic potential against human respiratory viral infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- VNAR: shark single-domain antibodies for the new era of medical biotechnology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Development of a cationic polyethyleneimine-poly(lactic-RSC advances · 2023Article
- Shark IgNAR: The Next Broad Application Antibody in Clinical Diagnoses and Tumor Therapies?Marine drugs · 2023Review
- Isolation and characterization of single domain antibodies from banded houndshark (Triakis scyllium) targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein.Fish & shellfish immunology · 2023Article
- Identification of nurse shark VFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2023Article
- Shark nanobodies with potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity and broad sarbecovirus reactivity.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Screening and characterization of inhibitory vNAR targeting nanodisc-assembled influenza M2 proteins.iScience · 2023Article
- Unleashing the power of shark variable single domains (VNARs): broadly neutralizing tools for combating SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Single-domain Variable New Antigen Receptors (VNARs) from the immune system of sharks are the smallest naturally occurring binding domains found in nature. Possessing flexible paratopes that can recognize protein motifs inaccessible to classical antibodies, VNARs have yet to be exploited for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Here, we detail the identification of a series of VNARs from a VNAR phage display library screened against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD). The ability of the VNARs to neutralize pseudotype and authentic live SARS-CoV-2 virus rivalled or exceeded that of full-length immunoglobulins and other single-domain antibodies. Crystallographic analysis of two VNARs found that they recognized separate epitopes on the RBD and had distinctly different mechanisms of virus neutralization unique to VNARs. Structural and biochemical data suggest that VNARs would be effective therapeutic agents against emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutants, including the Delta variant, and coronaviruses across multiple phylogenetic lineages. This study highlights the utility of VNARs as effective therapeutics against coronaviruses and may serve as a critical milestone for nearing a paradigm shift of the greater biologic landscape.
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