ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2022
Innovative methods to analyse the impact of gender norms on adolescent health using global health survey data.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychometric validation of a novel community norms measure among youth, Eswatini Violence Against Children and Youth Survey, 2022.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- The influence of gender-equitable attitudes on sexual behaviour among unmarried adolescents in rural Tanzania: a longitudinal study.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2023Article
- Gender-aware Parkinson's care: a design-based study of patient perspectives on gender norms and gender-sensitive care.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Lysmeral Exposure in Children and Adolescences Participating in the German Environmental Survey (2012-2015): Integrating Sex/Gender into Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Social normative origins of the taboo gap and implications for adolescent risk for HIV infection in Zambia.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescent Males: A Peculiar Psychopathological Profile.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Effect of imbalanced sampling and missing data on associations between gender norms and risk of adolescent HIV.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Gender-related data missingness, imbalance and bias in global health surveys.BMJ global health · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding how gender norms affect health is an important entry point into designing programs and policies to change norms and improve gender equality and health. However, it is rare for global health datasets to include questions on gender norms, especially questions that go beyond measuring gender-related attitudes, thus limiting gender analysis.
methodsWe developed five case studies using health survey data from six countries to demonstrate approaches to defining and operationalising proxy measures and analytic approaches to investigating how gender norms can affect health. Key findings, strengths and limitations of our norms proxies and methodological choices are summarised.
findingsCase studies revealed links between gender norms and multiple adolescent health outcomes. Proxys for norms were derived from data on attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours, as well as differences between attitudes and behaviours. Data were cross-sectional, longitudinal, census- and social network-based. Analytic methods were diverse. We found that gender norms affect: 1) Intimate partner violence in Nigeria; 2) Unhealthy weight control behaviours in Brazil and South Africa; 3) HIV status in Zambia; 4) Health and social mobility in the US; and 5) Childbirth in Honduras.
interpretationResearchers can use existing global health survey data to examine pathways through which gender norms affect health by generating proxies for gender norms. While direct measures of gender norms can greatly improve the understanding of how gender affects health, proxy measures for norms can be designed for the specific health-related outcome and normative context, for instance by either aggregating behaviours or attitudes or quantifying the difference (dissonance) between them. These norm proxies enable evaluations of the influence of gender norms on health and insights into possible reference groups and sanctions for non-compliers, thus informing programmes and policies to shape norms and improve health.
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