ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2021
Trends in and Characteristics of Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyls - United States, 2019-2020.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-opioid psychiatric medications for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Spiritual interventions and self-stigma in the family of person who use drugs: a clinical trial study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Integrating cognitive bias modification for pain and opioid cues into medication for opioid use disorder clinical care: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary results.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- Socioenvironmental disasters and the dialectics of overdose mortality.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, attenuates intravenous self-administration of fentanyl in female rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Temporal Relationships between Smartphone Application Use and Online Substance Procurement in U.S. Youth.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Nondual Awareness as a Novel Chronic Pain Relieving Mechanism.Psychology of consciousness (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Brain-Centered Interventions for Nociplastic Pain: From Symptom Management to Pain Resolution.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Patterns of polysubstance use among people who use drugs on an American Indian reservation of a southern plains Tribal Nation.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Fentanyl use among people who inject drugs in two large Pacific Northwest metropolitan areas.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Single cell RNA transcriptome response to fentanyl use in persons with HIV infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Progressing from Simple to Multidimensional Models Towards a Biopsychosocial Framework of Addiction.Current addiction reports · 2026Review
- A Mobile Health Application to Support Reductions in Overdose Risk Behaviors: A Pilot Study.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- The Toxicology Investigators Consortium 2024 Annual Report.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- US drug policy does not align with experts' rankings of drug harms: a multi-criteria decision analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- The role of stigma in impeding implementation of harm reduction services in San Francisco.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Use of Illegally Manufactured Fentanyl in the United States: Current Trends.Current addiction reports · 2025Article
- Naloxone Disparities in Adolescents: Access Laws Are Not Enough.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2025Article
- Emergency medical system response, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions in response to non-fatal opioid overdoses reported by a cohort of overdose survivors in San Francisco and Boston, 2019 - 2022.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During May 2020-April 2021, the estimated number of drug overdose deaths in the United States exceeded 100,000 over a 12-month period for the first time, with 64.0% of deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (mainly illicitly manufactured fentanyls [IMFs], which include both fentanyl and illicit fentanyl analogs).* Introduced primarily as adulterants in or replacements for white powder heroin east of the Mississippi River (1), IMFs are now widespread in white powder heroin markets, increasingly pressed into counterfeit pills resembling oxycodone, alprazolam, or other prescription drugs, and are expanding into new markets, including in the western United States
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.