ArticlePM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation2023
Body image and perception among adults with and without phantom limb pain.
Article in PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Self-reported questionnaires assessing body perception disturbances in adults with chronic non-cancer pain: a scoping review.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Graded Motor Imagery (GRAMI Protocol) for Phantom Limb Pain: A Randomised Clinical Trial of Home-Based Intervention.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Trial
- The lived complexity of phantom limb telescoping: insights from a qualitative study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
- Sensory Sensitivity Over Time After Lower Limb Amputation and Its Association with Phantom Limb Pain.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- "I See What Others Don't See When They Look at Me": A Qualitative Study of Body Perception Disturbances in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Vestibular Versus Cochlear Stimulation on the Relief of Phantom Pain After Traumatic Finger Amputation.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Awareness of Charles Bonnet syndrome among ophthalmologists: a survey study.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The German adaptation of the Amputee Body Image Scale and the importance of psychosocial adjustment to prosthesis use.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sensing the Self: The Role of the Insula and Interoception in Body Image.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Cortical Reorganization after Limb Loss: Bridging the Gap between Basic Science and Clinical Recovery.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Case Report: Phantom limb pain relief after cognitive multisensory rehabilitation.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFollowing lower-limb amputation, phantom limb pain (i.e., pain perceived as coming from the amputated portion of the limb) is common. Phantom limb pain may be associated with impaired body image and perception, which may be targets for rehabilitative intervention.
objectiveTo compare measures of body image and perception between adults with and without phantom limb pain post amputation and evaluate associations between measures of body image and perception and phantom limb pain.
designSurvey.
settingOnline, remote assessment.
participantsSeventy-two adults ≥1 year post unilateral lower-limb loss (n = 42 with phantom limb pain, n = 30 without phantom limb pain or pain in the remaining portion of the limb).
interventionsNot applicable.
main outcome measuresSelf-reported outcome measures assessing body image (i.e., Amputee Body Image Scale-Revised), perceptual disturbances associated with the phantom limb (i.e., a modified Bath Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Body Perception Disturbance Scale), and prosthesis satisfaction (i.e., Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale) were administered; participants with phantom limb pain reported pain interference via the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form. Between-group comparisons of self-reported outcome measure scores were conducted using Mann Whitney U or chi-square tests, as appropriate (a = .05).
resultsCompared to peers without phantom limb pain, adults with phantom limb pain reported more negative body image; increased phantom limb ownership, attention, and awareness; and reduced prosthesis satisfaction and embodiment (U = 175.50-364.00, p < .001 to .034). Disturbances in phantom limb perception (i.e., size, weight, pressure, temperature) were similar between groups (p = .086 to >.999). More negative body image was associated with increased phantom limb pain interference (τ
conclusionsAdults with phantom limb pain demonstrate more negative body image and hypervigilance of the phantom limb as compared to peers with nonpainful phantom sensations. Mind-body treatments that target impaired body image and perception may be critical interventions for adults with phantom limb pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.