Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34911367›Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2022

Comparison of Whole-Genome Sequence-Based Methods and PCR Ribotyping for Subtyping of Clostridioides difficile.

A Baktash, J Corver, C Harmanus, W K Smits, W Fawley, M H Wilcox, N Kumar, D W Eyre, A Indra, A Mellmann and 1 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed
2.4field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026
    Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. EmergingEmerging microbes & infections · 2025
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Increase ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Newly emerging metronidazole-resistantEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025
    Article
  15. Analysis of high-molecular-weight proteins using MALDI-TOF MS and machine learning for the differentiation of clinically relevant Clostridioides difficile ribotypes.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025
    Article
  16. Microbial genomics · 2025
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Future microbiology · 2024
    Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.

A BaktashDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Centergrid.10419.3d, Leiden, The Netherlands.
J CorverDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Centergrid.10419.3d, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9262-5475
C HarmanusDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Centergrid.10419.3d, Leiden, The Netherlands.
W K SmitsDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Centergrid.10419.3d, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-7409-2847
W FawleyNational Infection Service, Public Health England, and University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
M H WilcoxDepartment of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals and University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
N KumarMicrobiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
D W EyreBig Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
A IndraParacelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
A MellmannInstitute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, and National Reference Center for C. difficile, Münster Branch, Münster, Germany.
E J KuijperDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Centergrid.10419.3d, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5726-2405
Leiden University Medical Center · NLUniversity of Leeds · GBUniversity Hospital Münster · DEUniversity of Oxford · GBUniversity of Salzburg · ATWellcome Sanger Institute · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-PCR ribotyping is currently the gold standard for C. difficile typing but lacks the discriminatory power to study transmission and outbreaks in detail. New molecular methods have the capacity to differentiate better and provide standardized and interlaboratory exchangeable data. Using a well-characterized collection of diverse strains (N = 630; 100 unique ribotypes [RTs]), we compared the discriminatory power of core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) (SeqSphere and EnteroBase), whole-genome MLST (wgMLST) (EnteroBase), and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. A unique cgMLST profile (more than six allele differences) was observed in 82 of 100 RTs, indicating that cgMLST could distinguish most, but not all, RTs. Application of cgMLST in two outbreak settings with RT078 and RT181 (known to have low intra-RT allele differences) showed no distinction between outbreak and nonoutbreak strains in contrast to wgMLST and SNP analysis. We conclude that cgMLST has the potential to be an alternative to CE-PCR ribotyping. The method is reproducible, easy to standardize, and offers higher discrimination. However, adjusted cutoff thresholds and epidemiological data are necessary to recognize outbreaks of some specific RTs. We propose to use an allelic threshold of three alleles to identify outbreaks.

Indexed as

Clostridioides difficileClostridioidesGenome, BacterialHumansMultilocus Sequence TypingPolymerase Chain ReactionRibotypingClostridioides difficilecore-genome MLSTtyping methodswhole-genome MLSTwhole-genome sequencing

Identifiers

PMID34911367
PMCPMC8849210
OpenAlexW4200218992

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.