ArticleJournal of hazardous materials2022
Predominant airborne transmission and insignificant fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a two-bus COVID-19 outbreak originating from the same pre-symptomatic index case.
Article in Journal of hazardous materials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mathematical Modeling of Viral RNA Copies in Indoor Environments: Pre-Processor for Risk Assessment and Decision-Making Support Tool for Public Health.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Article
- Article
- Network-based virus dynamic simulation: Evaluating the fomite disinfection effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor environment.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Impact of ultraviolet radiation on filtering facepiece respirators and SARS-CoV-2 detection.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 transmission and control in land public transport: A literature review.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Reducing Transmission of Airborne Respiratory Pathogens: A New Beginning as the COVID-19 Emergency Ends.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Review
- The multi-dimensional challenges of controlling respiratory virus transmission in indoor spaces: Insights from the linkage of a microscopic pedestrian simulation and SARS-CoV-2 transmission model.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Relating quanta conservation and compartmental epidemiological models of airborne disease outbreaks in buildings.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Lack of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected from September 2020-February 2021 in a university that followed CDC reopening guidance.Hygiene and environmental health advances · 2023Article
- Multi-scale risk assessment and mitigations comparison for COVID-19 in urban public transport: A combined field measurement and modeling approach.Building and environment · 2023Article
- Field trial assessing the antimicrobial decontamination efficacy of gaseous ozone in a public bus setting.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Bipolar ionization rapidly inactivates real-world, airborne concentrations of infective respiratory viruses.PloS one · 2023Article
- Review
- Occupancy-aided ventilation for airborne infection risk control: Continuously or intermittently reduced occupancies?Building simulation · 2023Article
- Understanding the perceived behavior of public utility bus passengers during the era of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: Application of social exchange theory and theory of planned behavior.Research in transportation business & management · 2022Article
- Review
- Ventilation reconstruction in bathrooms for restraining hazardous plume: Mitigate COVID-19 and beyond.Journal of hazardous materials · 2022Article
- Airborne infection risk of inter-unit dispersion through semi-shaded openings: A case study of a multi-storey building with external louvers.Building and environment · 2022Article
- Close contact behavior-based COVID-19 transmission and interventions in a subway system.Journal of hazardous materials · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The number of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to increase worldwide, but despite extensive research, there remains significant uncertainty about the predominant routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We conducted a mechanistic modeling and calculated the exposure dose and infection risk of each passenger in a two-bus COVID-19 outbreak in Hunan province, China. This outbreak originated from a single pre-symptomatic index case. Some human behavioral data related to exposure including boarding and alighting time of some passengers and seating position and mask wearing of all passengers were obtained from the available closed-circuit television images/clips and/or questionnaire survey. Least-squares fitting was performed to explore the effect of effective viral load on transmission risk, and the most likely quanta generation rate was also estimated. This study reveals the leading role of airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission and negligible role of fomite transmission in a poorly ventilated indoor environment, highlighting the need for more targeted interventions in such environments. The quanta generation rate of the index case differed by a factor of 1.8 on the two buses and transmission occurred in the afternoon of the same day, indicating a time-varying effective viral load within a short period of five hours.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.