ReviewImmunity2021
Antigenic drift: Understanding COVID-19.
Review in Immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of Immunological Imprinting by RNA Viruses and Intervention Strategies.Viruses · 2026Review
- Localized adaptive evolution in VP1 drives antigenic divergence of feline calicivirus despite high sequence conservation.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- AI-aided design of multi-epitope peptide vaccine elicits cellular and humoral immunity to broad Omicron subvariants.Zoological research · 2026Article
- Final-Size Solutions for SIRI Models with Vaccination.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2026Article
- The role of receptor binding and immunity in SARS-CoV-2 fitness landscape: A modeling study.iScience · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin as adjuvant platform enhances immunogenicity of conserved epitopes from structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of the heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 fitness dynamics via graph representation learning.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization of DENV-1 Isolates From Pakistan Reveals Immunogenic Variability and Antiviral Potential of Phytochemicals Targeting the CprM Region.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- PredIG: an interpretable predictor of T-cell epitope immunogenicity.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 after lung transplantation: A retrospective multicenter comparison of clinical outcomes in Denmark and Sweden.JHLT open · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of monovalent and multivalent subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice with divergent vaccination history.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 incidence, seroprevalence, and antibody dynamics in a rural, population-based cohort: March 2020-July 2022.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Structural and Energetic Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Analysis of hACE2-RBD Binding in Wild-Type, Delta, and Omicron Subvariants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- Preemptive optimization of a clinical antibody for broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and robustness against viral escape.Science advances · 2025Article
- Functional Activity and Binding Specificity of Small Ankyrin Repeat Proteins Called Ankyrons Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.The AAPS journal · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antigenic drift refers to the evolutionary accumulation of amino acid substitutions in viral proteins selected by host adaptive immune systems as the virus circulates in a population. Antigenic drift can substantially limit the duration of immunity conferred by infection and vaccination. Here, I explain the factors contributing to the rapid antigenic drift of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and receptor proteins of other viruses and discuss the implications for SARS-CoV-2 evolution and immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.