ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2021
Comparison of Glenohumeral Range of Motion Deficits in Youth, Collegiate, and Professional Baseball Players.
Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors and Injury Prevention in the Throwing Athlete.Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExamining range of motion deficits across levels of baseball competition can result in a better understanding of the extent of altered range of motion patterns and identify competition levels that may require preventative interventions that target the deficits. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare shoulder range of motion in baseball players across levels of competition and compare the prevalence of glenohumeral internal rotaton deficit (GIRD) and total arc of motion differences (TAMD) between competition levels in pitchers and position players. STUDY
designProspective descriptive cohort.
methodsPassive internal and external rotation range of motion was measured bilaterally. Individuals with current pain in the arm, shoulder, elbow or shoulder surgery within the prior two years were excluded. Measurements were taken during pre-season physical examinations. Players were divided into seven groups: 12u (11-12 years; n=30), 14u (13-14 years; n=30), High School 1 (HS 1; 15-16 year; n=42), High School 2 (HS 2; 17-18 years; n=25), College (n=22), Professional 1 (Pro1; 17-22 years; n=37) and Professional 2 (Pro2; 23 and older; n=37). Multiple one-way analyses of variance were performed to determine differences between groups. Tukey test for post-hoc analysis was employed to determine which competition levels were significantly different.
resultsTwo-hundred and twenty-three male baseball players ages 11-26 participated. The 12u (53.7°) and 14u (54.2°) groups had significantly less internal rotation than HS1 (65.2°), HS2 (63.9°), College (62.3°), Pro1 (64.9°), and Pro2 (64.5°) players (p<0.0001). The 12u, 14u, HS1, college, and Pro2 groups had greater than 50% of players with total arc of motion differences >5°. Conclusions: Range of motion alterations exist across ages and levels of competition with 12u and 14u players having less internal rotation than the older groups and youth pitchers having less total range of motion than HS1. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.
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