Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34908871›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of general medicine2021

The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperglycemia on the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Single-Center Experience.

Reem Al Argan, Dania Alkhafaji, Abdulmohsen Al Elq, Waleed Albaker, Safi Alqatari, Alaa Alzaki, Abrar Alwaheed, Abir Al Said, Huda Bukhari, Sara Al Warthan and 7 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of general medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
1.0field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Reem Al ArganDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-6056-8616
Dania AlkhafajiDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulmohsen Al ElqDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-3906-0188
Waleed AlbakerDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Safi AlqatariDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Alaa AlzakiDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-7680-8562
Abrar AlwaheedDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Abir Al SaidDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Huda BukhariDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Sara Al WarthanDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad ZeeshanDepartment of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-1716-5296
Fatimah AlRubaishDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Zainab AlElqDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed AlsahlawiDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Mohannad AlalwanDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-5320-1004
Amani AlHwieshDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Fatimah I AlabdrabalnabiDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
King Fahd Hospital of the University · SA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeDiabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to be associated with a  worse outcome of COVID-19 infection. The evidence is scarce in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. We aimed to evaluate the impact of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia in non-diabetic individuals on the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection.

methodsThis is a retrospective observational study, which included patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection [RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV2] who were admitted to King Fahd Hospital of the University-Khobar-Eastern Province-Saudi Arabia from March to September 2020. Baseline demographic data, laboratory investigations, and markers of the severity of COVID-19 were analyzed. The collected data were categorized according to the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health COVID-19 infection severity criteria. Patients were divided into three groups as follows: patients in Group 1 had pre-existing DM, patients in Group 2 did not have DM but were documented to have hyperglycemia at presentation, and patients in Group 3 were neither diabetics nor hyperglycemics at presentation and served as the control group. The severity and outcome of the control group were compared with the other two groups. The effect of risk factors on the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection was studied in the DM group.

resultsA total of 414 patients were included (70.5% males and 29.5% females). The mean age (SD) of patients was 52.3 (±15.5) years. Compared to the control group, pre-existing DM was found to be significantly associated with severe (OR 3.61), critical disease (OR 4.32), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 2.0), and death (OR 2.0) from COVID-19 infection. Hyperglycemia without known DM was also found to be associated with critical COVID-19 pneumonia (P 0.001), and had longer duration of hospitalization (P 0.014), higher ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and death from COVID-19 infection (P < 0.0001).

conclusionDiabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia at presentation, even in the absence of pre-existing DM, are independent risk factors for disease severity and worse outcome of COVID-19 infection. These patients should be identified and managed accordingly. The COVID-19 vaccination program should also target those populations to improve their outcomes.

Indexed as

COVID-19 infectiondiabetes mellitusdisease outcomedisease severityhyperglycemiamortality

Identifiers

PMID34908871
PMCPMC8664338
OpenAlexW4200084314

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.